Fill in the blank- vocab Exam 3

Hyperemia

increased blood flow in capilllaries of alveolar walls- associated with acute inflammation from infection or irritants

Congestion

stasis of blood in alveolar capillaries

associated with left-sided hear failure

common incidental finding at necropsy

Cardiogenic edema

edema caused by increased pressure in pulmonary vasculature with stasis of blood from left-sided heart failure

1) endothelial damage, 2) altered blood flow, 3) Hypercoagulability

Virchow’s triad- cause of thrombi formation

Ventricular septal defect

congenital

causes overload of right ventricle with blood from the left ventricle

brisket edema

high altitude disease

cattle kept in hypoxic conditions at high altitudes- development of pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure

1. Mannheimia hemolytica

2. Pasteurella multocida

3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

3 major bacterial causes of bronchopneumonia

Thoracic empyema

accumulation of purulent exudate and foreign material in thoracic cavity

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

acute pulmonary injury that is an acute interstitial pneumonia

hyaline membrane

condensed fibrin, serum proteins and cell debris that occurs in acute interstitial pneumonia

L-tryptophan

compound converted by ruminal bacteria to 30methylindole during acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema

equine herpesvirus 5

causative agent of equine multi nodular pulmonary fibrosis

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia

term used to describe pneumonia when there are features that fit into the two categories

Adenocarcinomas

most common primary neoplasm

Pleural frosting

Uremic mineralization of the pleura

From blood stream

From GIT

Through body wall

From lung itself

Through lymphatics

5 causes of pleuritis

Hydrothorax

Accumulation of edema fluid in thoracic cavity

Chylothorax

Accumulation of lipid-rich lymph in thoracic cavity

Cats

most common species that chylothorax occurs in

Hemothorax

Accumulation of blood in thoracic cavity

Pneumothorax

Influx of air into thoracic cavity

mesotheliomas

Primary tumors of mesothelium

carcinomatosis

carcinomas spreading to other body locations

common in pleural neoplasia

Neuropil

dense network of neural and glial processes found in gray matter

Ischemic cell change

Neurons shrink with hypereosinophilic cytoplasm

glia limitans

Layer of astrocytes on the entire brain and spinal cord

Astrocytosis

swelling and proliferation of astrocytes with mild injury

Glial scar

Dense network of proliferative astrocytic processes

Gitter cells

the cells that are phagocytizing something in the nervous system

they `get really big and have a lot of cytoplasm

Gliosis

Proliferation of glial cells secondary to CNS injury

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

layers of meninges from inner to outer

Dysraphia

Failure of closure of neural tube during embryonic development

Anencephaly

Complete absence of brain

Prosencephalic hypoplasia

Absence of cerebral hemispheres with varying degrees of brain stem development

Cranium bifidum

Midline bone defect through which meningeal and/or brain tissue may protrude

Meningocele

Meninges only herniate during cranium bifidum or spina bifida

Meningoencephalocele

Meninges and brain herniate during cranium bifidum

Spina bifida

Defect in dorsal vertebral column which spinal meninges or spinal cord may herniate

Meningomyelocele

Meninges and spinal cord herniate during spina bifida

Spina bifida occulta

no herniation during spina bifida

Manx cats

most common breed and species to have spina bifida

Dermoid sinus

incomplete separation of skin and neural tube- residual island of ectoderm in dermis or SQ on midline

Rhodesian ridgeback dogs

most common breed/species to have dermoid sinus

Hydrocephalus

Increase accumulations of CSF within the ventricular system

Hydromyelia

Spinal cord equivalent to hydrocephalus

Syringomyelia

cavitation of spinal cord parenchyma

chiari-like malformation

disease process which will often cause formation of syringomyelia

cavalier king charles spaniel

common breed with chiari-like malformation (syringomyelia)

BVD and Bluetongue virus

2 viruses which will cause hydranencephaly

BVD and feline parvovirus

2 viral causes of cerebellar hypoplasia

feline panleukopenia

the other name for feline parvovirus

hyperammonemia

elevated blood ammonia levels

Hypomyelinogenesis

Underdevelopment of myelin

Dysmyelination

Formation of abnormal myelin

Demyelination

Degeneration and loss of mature myelin

Primary Demyelination

Myelin is destroyed but axon remains

Secondary Demyelination

Degeneration of myelin is secondary to neuronal-axonal injury

Axonopathy

degeneration of axons

Abiotrophy

Premature neuronal death

usually used when talking about cerebellum

Vasogenic edema

Breakdown of blood brain barrier

Cytotoxic edema

Fluid accumulates within astrocytes and their process

malacia

soft and caviated tissue in the nervous system

Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy

Spinal cord infarction secondary to vascular obstruction

Perinatal asphyxia syndrome

Neurologic syndrome of neonatal foals