Shang Dynasty and Confucianism Study Notes

This set of flashcards covers key concepts, events, and individuals associated with the Shang dynasty and the rise of Confucianism in ancient China.

What are the three ancient dynasties of traditional Chinese history?

Xia, Shang, Zhou.

What key archaeological discovery in the 1920s changed beliefs about the Shang dynasty?

Ruins of a late Shang capital were found.

What was the original first stable capital of the Shang dynasty?

Yin.

What are oracle bones?

Ancient Chinese writing incised onto bones used for divination.

What features characterized Shang society?

Writing system, bronze usage, and the appearance of social classes.

How did the Shang kings adhere to their authority?

Through political, economic, social, and religious power.

What role did the Shang king serve after death?

Considered a high priest and intermediary to the Deity Above.

What significant calendar system did the Shang use?

A calendar with 30 days per month and 360 days per year.

Who was Confucius?

A Chinese philosopher who emphasized traditional values and ethics.

What was the name of Confucius’ collection of teachings?

The Analects.

What did Confucius idealize about society and leadership?

He idealized the early Zhou and Shang kings as paragons of virtue.

What was Confucius's perspective on human nature?

He believed in the potential of returning to old traditions for stability.

What are the Five Confucian Relationships?

Ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, friend-friend.

What significant concept did Mencius introduce in Confucianism?

The 'will of Heaven' regarding the government's responsibility to its people.

What did Xunzi believe about human nature?

He believed humans are inherently bad and need correction through education and etiquette.

What was the ideology maintained by Legalists regarding governance?

A strong state through severe laws and unification of China.

How did Legalists view human behavior?

They viewed humans as selfish and driven by rewards and punishments.

What was the outcome of Legalism in the context of the Qin Dynasty?

It led to harsh laws but also to an organized administrative system.

How did Zhou rule begin in relation to Shang rule?

The Zhou capitalized on the weaknesses of Shang kings to conquer them.

What was the cultural relationship between the Zhou and Shang?

The Zhou were closely related to Shang culture and continued its traditions.