Middle Childhood: Social and Personality Development

Freud's Psychosexual Development

a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

Erickson's stages of psychosocial development

Trust/Mistrust, Autonomy/Shame, Initiative/Guilt, Industry/Inferiority, Identity/Role Confusion

Big Five Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Bandura Model of Reciprocal Determinism

emphasizes the relationship between the person and behavior and environment

self-concept

an individual's overall perception of oneself, the answer to the question "Who am I?"

Self Concept was first explored by _______ and later heavily influenced by the ideas of _________

Rene Descartes ; Sigmund Freud

self-esteem

an individual's perception of oneself's value or worth, usually the answer to How much do I like myself

Self Esteem was first explored by ___________ and later influenced by humanistic ideas

William James

factors of self esteem

biological factors and environmental factors

perceived social support

A person's perception that others are there to help them in times of need.

Piaget's theory of moral development: Heteronomous morality

Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people (4-7 years)

Piaget's theory of moral development: Autonomous morality

becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people; in judging an action, one should consider actor's intentions as well as consequences (10 years and older)

Piaget's theory of moral development: Immanent justice

if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

Kohlberg's Moral Stages: Preconventional

up to the age of 9

Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Preconventional can be explained as:

Punishment and obedience: right and wrong defined by what they get punished for: If you get told off for stealing then obviously stealing is wrong

In Instrumental relativist, right and wrong is now determined by what we are ______ for, and by doing what others want. Any concern for others is motivated by __________

rewarded; selfishness

Kohlberg's Moral Stages: Conventional

-Most adolescents and adults

Interpersonal Concordance

Being good is whatever pleases others, the child adopts a conformist attitude to morality, right and wrong are determined by the majority

Law and order:

Being good now means doing your duty to society, to this end we obey laws without question and show a respect for authority, most adults do not progress past this stage

Kohlberg's Moral Stages: Postconventional

-10-15 percent of the over 20s

social contract

Right and wrong now determined by personal values, although these can be over-ridden by democratically agreed laws, when laws infringe. our own sense of justice we can choose to ignore them

universal ethical principle

we now live in accordance with deeply held moral principles which are seen as more important than the laws of the land

Friendships

-younger children describe friendships as playmates

Reasons for Gender Segregation among Childhood Friends

-play compatibility: seek partners whose play styles match or complement their own

-cognitive schemas: develop concepts about what boys and girls are typically like

-operant conditioning: rewards and punishment

psychoanalytic theory: occurs as children repress their _______________ of development

sexual feelings during the latency stage

Gender Identity

-research suggests that children recognize their own gender and gender in others as early as two or three years old

By _______________, children may be able to express that their internal gender is different than the one they were assigned at birth, this is known as gender dysphoria, people with gender dysphoria are referred to as transgender

early grade school

gender dysphoria

the condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex.

Gender Dysphoria in young children

-expressing the desire to be the other gender or insisting that they are the other gender

-strong preference for wearing clothes of the opposite gender

-strong preference for make-believe play or fantasy play where they role-play the opposite gender

-consistent preference for toys, games, or activities typically preferred by the opposite gender
-consistent rejection of toys, games, and activities typically preferred by their assigned gender

-primarily chooses playmates of the other gender

-expresses dislike of their sexual anatomy

-expresses a desire for physical sex characteristics of the opposite gender

Gender Dysphoria in teenagers

-able to express a sense of disconnect between their preferred gender and their physical sex characteristics

-consistent desire to change their sex characteristics to those of their preferred gender
-consistent desire to be their preferred gender

-consistent request to be treated as their preferred gender

-strong conviction that their emotions and thoughts are those of their preferred gender

Family Support and Medical Intervention

-family may need to seek support groups for themselves and their child

-mental health professionals to provide mental health support to child

-social transition

-puberty blockers

-hormone replacement

-surgery

Intersex

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

_______identified five psychological positions from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Actual birth order itself is less important than a person's interpretation of his or her place in the family.

adler