Cell Signaling Exam

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizing, folding, and modifying proteins

What membrane components affect membrane stability

phospholipids

Phospholipid

molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Autocrine signaling

A cell secretes a molecule (a ligand) that binds to receptors on its own surface

Prokaryotic

membrane-bound nucleus (bacteria)

Eukaryotic

nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals, fungi)

what celular component will be found in the widest range of organisms

ribosome

what is protein synthesis

cells create proteins based on genetic instructions from DNA

cytosol

gel-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles within a cell 

mitochondria

incorpeoates proteins that regulate and manage metabolic reactions (organisms convert nutrients into energy)

Ψs

Solute potential

Testasterone movement acroos the cellular membrane

passive diffusion

What is passive diffusion?

Does not use energy, going from high concentration to low concentration

Active transport

area of low concentration to high concentration uses energy to force cells to move

peripheral proteins

proteins that are completely hydrophilic

What should the surface area to volume ratio be

large surface area to volume ratio

Ψp

pressure potential

Ψ

Water potential

endosymbiotic theory

origin of eukaryotic organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, proposing they were once free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed by a larger host cell

Apoptosis

cell death that removes damaged, unnecessary, or dangerous cells

Newly made protein goes from

ER, golgi aperatus, vesicles

What is more effiecent across the membrane 

small cells 

what is not present in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

ultimate protein producer

ribosomes 

hypotonic

more water, less solutes

hypertonic

less water, more solutes

is water potential positive or negative

negative

what can cross the cell membrane easiest 

small gases and nonploar molucues  

if a transport uses ATP its….

an active transport (uses energy)

osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Facilated Diffusion

use tranport proteins ions polor molcules across the membrane (is fast/passive)

Diffusion

natural movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (passive)

contatile vacule

pumps water out through active transport (requires energy)

Phohocytosis

cellular eating (bacteria, dead cells, or debris)

Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking (extracellular fluid and dissolved substances)

what do Amino acids do

Build proteins 

where does cellular resperation happen

mitocondria

Cell size is important for what?

how efficiently a cell can exchange substances with its environment

Hypertonic makes what happen

things losse its mass (salt take water out)

more negative water potential means

more solutes

molarity for a graph is the....

x intercept 

higher molarity means

more solutes

if water potential is more negative then

its hypertonic

if water potential is less negative

its hypotonic

protits are

eukarotic

what produces  lipids oils and fats

SER

Cell signaling

the process by which cells receive and transmit information to regulate their behavior through a series of steps known as a signal transduction

what is not part of cell signaling

apoptosis (cell death)

paracrine signaling

cell that interacts with other cells in the imedate area

endocrine signaling

hormones carried in the bloodstream to send messages over long distances in the body

signaling through cells normally results in the activation of protein

kinases

steriods lipids are more likely to bind to

non-polar

cAMP, Ca2+ and IP3 are what

second messengers

What does GTpase do

hydrolyse GTP, inacticating the G protein

hydrolase

using a water molecule to break a chemical bond in a substrate

Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups to a protein are known as

protein phosphates

what do scafold proteins do?

physically bringing together components of a cellular signaling pathway

scafold proteins make cell signaling more efficent becuase t

hey move many proteins at once

when a signal is tranduced the..

Physical form of the signal changes

Endocytosis

cell takes in substances from its outside by engulfing them with a portion of its cell membrane to form a vesicle

osmoregulation

maintaining a stable internal balance of water and salts

what are lysosomes responsible for

breaking down lipids/proteins

permeability

The ability of a material to allow fluids (like water or gas) or other things (like magnetic fields) to pass through it

The fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes describes proteins and steroids associated with a phospholipid bilayer. What membrane components affect membrane stability?

Steroids, such as cholesterol, give membranes more stability.