Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1 terms

maintaining boundaries

an organisms inside must distinct from its outside

movement

activities promoted by the muscular system

responsiveness

ability to react to changes in environment (stimuli)

digestion

breaking down food into simple molecules which can be absorbed into the bloodstream

excretion

the getting rid of waste through the anus

metabolism

chemical reactions that occur within body cells, ATP generator

reproduction

cells, divide into two and reproduce, or reproduction of an organism sperm and eggs fertilized to become an embryo

growth

increase of size, cells

nutrients

chemicals used for energy and cell building, including carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals

oxygen

needed for chemical reactions

water

60%-80% of the body is water, fluid base for body secretions and excretions

What is a stable body temperature?

98 degrees, metabolic rates go down if you are cooler and metabolic rates go higher as it rises

atmospheric pressure

must be appropriate for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange to occur

homeostasis

body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions even when outside conditions

variable

condition being regulated

receptor

a sensor that responds to changes in the environment (stimuli), sends information to the control center

control center

determines level at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes incoming information and determines appropriate response

effector

responds to influence the stimulus (feeds back)

negative feedback mechanism

net effect is to shut off or reduce original stimulus

positive feedback

- net effect is to increase the original stimulus,rare in the body, involved in blood clotting and child birth

homeostatic imbalance

often results in disease

What is anatomical position?

- body is erect

- feet parallel

- arms at sides with palms forward

anatomy

study of the structure of the human body

gross anatomy

study of whole body or large body structures

microscopic anatomy

study of cells and tissues of the body using a microscope

physiology

the study of how the human body works

What is the Chemical Level?

Simplest level includes atoms and molecules

Atoms

- tiny building blocks of matter

- combine to form molecules

Molecules

- combine to make up cells

cellular level

includes cells:

- smallest units of all living things

- cells vary in size and shape depending on their function

- group together to form tissues

tissue level

tissue

- group of similar cells with a common function

- 2 or more tissue types combine to form an organ

organ level

Organ

-made of 2 or more tissue types

- performs a specific function for the body

organ system level

organ system

- group of organs that work together to perform a certain job

- 11 of them

organismal level (highest level)

organism - the living body

section

a cut

plane

imaginary line where a cut is made

sagittal section

divides body into right and left parts

midsagittal section

- aka median section

- cut is made down median plane of body

frontal section

- aka coronal section

- divides body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse section

- aka cross section

- divides body into superior and inferior parts

dorsal body cavity

2 divisions

What are the two divisions of the dorsal body cavity?

1. cranial cavity

2. spinal cavity

Cranial Cavity

- space inside skull

- contains brain

Spinal Cavity

- extends from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column

- contains spinal cord

ventral body cavity

- contains all structures within the chest and abdomen

- 2 subdivisions separated by diaphragm (dome-shaped muscle):

What are the two subdivisions for the ventral body cavity?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

- superior to diaphragm

- contains lungs, heart, etc.

- protected by ribcage

mediastinum

- central region in thoracic cavity

- separates right and left lungs

- contains heart, trachea, etc

abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to diaphragm

- 2 subdivisions: abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Abdominal Cavity

- contains stomach, liver, intestines, etc.

these organs are most vulnerable to trauma because

they are not protected by bones

Pelvic Cavity

- contains reproductive organs,

bladder, and rectum

What are the four abdominal cavity quadrants?

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

What are the nine areas of the abdominal cavity?

umbilical region - surrounds navel

epigastric region - superior to umbilical region

hypogastric (pubic) region - inferior to umbilical region

right inguinal or iliac region - right of pubic region

left inguinal or iliac region - left of pubic region

right lumbar region - right of umbilical region

left lumbar region - left of umbilical region

right hypochondriac region - right of epigastric region

left hypochondriac region - left of epigastric