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maintaining boundaries
an organisms inside must distinct from its outside
movement
activities promoted by the muscular system
responsiveness
ability to react to changes in environment (stimuli)
digestion
breaking down food into simple molecules which can be absorbed into the bloodstream
excretion
the getting rid of waste through the anus
metabolism
chemical reactions that occur within body cells, ATP generator
reproduction
cells, divide into two and reproduce, or reproduction of an organism sperm and eggs fertilized to become an embryo
growth
increase of size, cells
nutrients
chemicals used for energy and cell building, including carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
oxygen
needed for chemical reactions
water
60%-80% of the body is water, fluid base for body secretions and excretions
What is a stable body temperature?
98 degrees, metabolic rates go down if you are cooler and metabolic rates go higher as it rises
atmospheric pressure
must be appropriate for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange to occur
homeostasis
body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions even when outside conditions
variable
condition being regulated
receptor
a sensor that responds to changes in the environment (stimuli), sends information to the control center
control center
determines level at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes incoming information and determines appropriate response
effector
responds to influence the stimulus (feeds back)
negative feedback mechanism
net effect is to shut off or reduce original stimulus
positive feedback
- net effect is to increase the original stimulus,rare in the body, involved in blood clotting and child birth
homeostatic imbalance
often results in disease
What is anatomical position?
- body is erect
- feet parallel
- arms at sides with palms forward
anatomy
study of the structure of the human body
gross anatomy
study of whole body or large body structures
microscopic anatomy
study of cells and tissues of the body using a microscope
physiology
the study of how the human body works
What is the Chemical Level?
Simplest level includes atoms and molecules
Atoms
- tiny building blocks of matter
- combine to form molecules
Molecules
- combine to make up cells
cellular level
includes cells:
- smallest units of all living things
- cells vary in size and shape depending on their function
- group together to form tissues
tissue level
tissue
- group of similar cells with a common function
- 2 or more tissue types combine to form an organ
organ level
Organ
-made of 2 or more tissue types
- performs a specific function for the body
organ system level
organ system
- group of organs that work together to perform a certain job
- 11 of them
organismal level (highest level)
organism - the living body
section
a cut
plane
imaginary line where a cut is made
sagittal section
divides body into right and left parts
midsagittal section
- aka median section
- cut is made down median plane of body
frontal section
- aka coronal section
- divides body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse section
- aka cross section
- divides body into superior and inferior parts
dorsal body cavity
2 divisions
What are the two divisions of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
Cranial Cavity
- space inside skull
- contains brain
Spinal Cavity
- extends from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column
- contains spinal cord
ventral body cavity
- contains all structures within the chest and abdomen
- 2 subdivisions separated by diaphragm (dome-shaped muscle):
What are the two subdivisions for the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
- superior to diaphragm
- contains lungs, heart, etc.
- protected by ribcage
mediastinum
- central region in thoracic cavity
- separates right and left lungs
- contains heart, trachea, etc
abdominopelvic cavity
inferior to diaphragm
- 2 subdivisions: abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
- contains stomach, liver, intestines, etc.
these organs are most vulnerable to trauma because
they are not protected by bones
Pelvic Cavity
- contains reproductive organs,
bladder, and rectum
What are the four abdominal cavity quadrants?
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
What are the nine areas of the abdominal cavity?
umbilical region - surrounds navel
epigastric region - superior to umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region - inferior to umbilical region
right inguinal or iliac region - right of pubic region
left inguinal or iliac region - left of pubic region
right lumbar region - right of umbilical region
left lumbar region - left of umbilical region
right hypochondriac region - right of epigastric region
left hypochondriac region - left of epigastric