chemical level of organization inorganic compounds

element

pure substance that cant be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

compound

substance composed of 2+ elements joined by chemical bonds

atom

smallest quantity of an element with properties unique to it

consists of protons and electrons

bond

electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

3 types of bonds

1.ionic bond- bond between ions of opposite charges (donates electrons) ex: NaCl
2.hydrogen bond- weak (+) charged Hydrogen atom already bonded to 1 electro (-) attracted to another ex: H2O (weakest)
3.covalent bond- 2 atoms equally share electrons CO2 (strongest)

chemical energy

potential energy stored in chemical bonds
- energy is only used when bonds are formed and produced when bonds are broken

3 types of reactions

1.synthesis/anabolic - bond formed between 2 simpler substances to form a complex product(requires energy)
2. decomposition/ catabolic- bond broken into simpler products( releases energy)
3. exchange- formation of new compounds through synthesis and decomposition

5 factors influencing rate of chemical reactions

1. temperature- rxns faster higher temps
2. concentration- rxn faster higher concentration of reactants
3. pressure- rxn faster with higher pressure of container the reactants are in
4. enzymes -increases rate of rxns
5. properties of the reactants- rxns faster in a gaseous state ,have a larger surface area available for reactants, smaller in size and slower in a solid state

properties of water

1. universal solvent-capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid
2. lubricates and cushions-protects against trauma and friction
3.high specific heat-can lose or gain large amount of heat with little change of its own temperature
4.role in chemical rxns- breaking and creation of H2O molecules

hydrolysis rxn

breakdown of H2O

intracellular fluid

water inside the cells (largest body fluid compartment)
-higher concentration of potassium, protein anions

extracellular fluid

water outide the cells, transports substances to and from the cells
-higher concentration of bicarbonate, sodium

plasma

fluid component of blood

interstitial fluid

fluid that surrounds all cells not in the blood

solutes

dissolved substances in a solution ex: salt

solvent

solution that solutes are dissolved in ex: water

anion

substance with a (-) charge

cation

substance with a (+) charge

acid

substance that dissociates into a hydrogen ion and anions
- pH of lower then 7

base

substance that dissociates into a hydroxyl ion and cations
-pH of greater then 7

salt composed of ...

anions and cations ex:NaCl

pH of ______ means

7 is neutral ex: water

buffer

solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components

oxygen

-required to complete decomposition rxns
-cause the release of energy in the body

carbon dioxide

- waste product
-maintain acid-base balance in the body