Period 4: 1800–1848: The Meaning of Democracy in an Era of Economic and Territorial Expansion (FLASHCARDS(

Two-Party System

Political structure emerging in 1790s between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists

"Revolution of 1800"

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans under Thomas Jefferson

Era of Good Feelings

Period of minimal political opposition during James Monroe's presidency (1816-1825)

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement expanding voting rights for white men during Andrew Jackson's presidency (1828-1836)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established principle of judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Strengthened federal power over state power

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Upheld Native American tribal autonomy

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Doubled U.S. territory

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

Explored and mapped newly acquired western territories

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Transferred Florida to United States

Texas Annexation (1845)

Added Texas as a state

American System

Henry Clay's economic plan promoting tariffs

Panic of 1819

Economic depression caused by land speculation and banking instability

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Established to stabilize currency and provide credit

Specie Circular (1836)

Jackson's mandate that government land could only be purchased with hard currency

Erie Canal (1825)

Connected Hudson River to Great Lakes

Telegraph (1844)

Samuel Morse's invention connecting the country through communication

Cotton Gin (1793)

Eli Whitney's invention making cotton production highly profitable

Interchangeable Parts

Manufacturing technique developed by Eli Whitney for more efficient production

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing individual salvation and social reform (early 19th century)

Transcendentalism

Intellectual movement promoting individual intuition and connection to nature

Mormonism (1830)

Religious sect founded by Joseph Smith in New York

Utopian Communities

Experimental societies like Brook Farm attempting to create ideal social structures

Temperance Movement

Largest reform movement targeting alcohol consumption (1820-1850)

Abolitionism

Movement seeking immediate end to slavery

Women's Rights Movement

Emerging challenge to gender inequality

Public Education Reform

Horace Mann's campaign for free

American Colonization Society (1817)

Organization proposing to send African Americans to Liberia

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Significant slave uprising in Virginia

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and prominent abolitionist leader

David Walker's Appeal (1829)

Influential antislavery pamphlet advocating for African American rights

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Andrew Jackson's policy forcing Native American tribes to relocate

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced relocation of Cherokee tribes resulting in thousands of deaths

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Native American leaders organizing resistance to white settlement

War of 1812

Conflict between United States and Great Britain (1812-1815)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy limiting European influence in Western Hemisphere

Barbary Wars (1801-1805

1815)

Hudson River School

Romantic painting movement capturing American landscapes (1820-1870)

"Cult of Domesticity"

Social ideology defining women's primary role as homemakers

Old China Trade

Early American international commercial interactions with China

THEME: Democratization Process

Gradual expansion of voting rights for white men

THEME: Market Revolution's Social Impact

Transformation from subsistence to market economy

THEME: Sectional Tensions

Growing divide between North and South over economic systems

THEME: Manifest Destiny

Ideological belief driving territorial expansion

THEME: Cultural Identity Formation

Emergence of distinctly American literature

THEME: Technological Transformation

Shift from manual to mechanized production

THEME: Immigration and Assimilation

Changing demographic landscape with Irish and German immigrants