Lincoln's presidency and Reconstruction

What was the Great Debate about?

Many topics about sectionalism vs nationalism, mainly about protective tariffs like the Tariff of Abominations (its benefits for the North vs. its challenges for the South)

Who were the two main debaters in the Great Debate?

Robert Hayne (sectionalist) and Daniel Webster (nationalist)

Nullification vs. Interposition

Nullification: State declares federal law void/powerless
Interposition: State passes laws that limit/prevent enforcing of federal law (e.g. paying $10 to judges who rule in favor of slave owner, but only $5 when rule in favor of fugitive slave)

John Calhoun mainly contributed to: (nationalism/sectionalism)

sectionalism

Which political party will immigrants tend to join? Why?

Democrat party because:

• the Democrats often negotiated and fought to get more land

• many immigrants came to the U.S. to buy their own land

• for example, Polk’s campaign slogan “54°40’ or fight!” meaning Polk wants more land up North

Adams-Onís Treaty year

1821

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty achieve?

Allowed Americans to sail down Mississippi, gave Florida to U.S. and Texas to Spain

The Adams-Onís Treaty and steamboats were essential to western commerce because…

it allowed for transportation of crops/goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans, a key commerce center

Monroe Doctrine year

1823

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A document signed by President Monroe that discouraged European colonization of the Western hemisphere by declaring any colonization attempts a hostile act to the United States

What was Jackson’s kitchen cabinet?

A group of friends he relied on for advice. He listened to the kitchen cabinet more than his official cabinet.

Why is Jackson known for his vetoes?

He was the first president to veto extensively, using it to strengthen executive authority (e.g. veto of National Bank recharter).

The American Colonization Society proposes sending freed slaves to where to avoid conflict?

West Africa

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

Leader of women’s rights movement, Seneca Falls Convention (first US women’s rights convention), and Declaration of Sentiments (demands equal rights for women), partner of Susan B. Anthony in fighting for rights

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

Leader of women’s rights movement, arrested for voting illegally as a form of protest, partner of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in fighting for rights

Who was Frederick Douglass?

Abolitionist and public speaker (orator), pushes Lincoln to abolish slavery and supports women’s rights

Who was William Lloyd Garrison?

Abolitionist and journalist via newspaper, supported women’s rights and immediate, nonviolent emancipation

What was Manifest Destiny?

The religious/moral idea that it is the duty of the US to colonize and share religion/democracy with all of the American continent

Famous Emerson quote and meaning

“Mexico will poison us,” means expanding the Union into Mexico will cause debate over slavery and lead to civil war.

Immediate causes of the war

• Dred Scott decision

• John Brown’s raid

• Lincoln’s election (Southern states feared he would end slavery even though he stated he didn’t want to)

• Secession of South Carolina & other states

• Attack on Fort Sumter

What did the Compromise of 1850 state?

California is admitted as a free state, Fugitive Slave Act strengthened

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act state?

Repealed Missouri Compromise by allowing the people to elect whether or not a state had slavery (popular sovereignty)

Kansas-Nebraska Act year

1854

“Bleeding Kansas” was a result of which act?

Kansas-Nebraska Act (abolitionist/pro-slavery settlers fought for domination of state to abolish/legalize slavery)

When did South Carolina declare secession? (Month and year)

December 1860

What does Lincoln emphasize in his letter to Greeley?

He will do anything to reunite the Union, whether reuniting it involves abolishing slavery or not

What does Lincoln emphasize in his first inaugural speech?

He has no interest in abolishing slavery in slave states, his only goal is to prevent war

What was Lincoln’s strategy for election?

Having moderate views

1. Whom did Lincoln beat for Republican Party candidature?

2. Whom did Lincoln beat in the presidency?

1. William Seward
2. Stephen Douglas

Who was Lincoln’s secretary of state?

William Seward

Because Lincoln invited his political opponents to his cabinet, we call his cabinet…

“team of rivals”

Missouri Compromise line in degrees

36°30’

What were personal liberty laws?

Northern interposition that made return of fugitive slaves more difficult (right to a trial, prohibited return by an official)

Who promoted the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty for deciding slavery?

Stephen Douglas

Border Ruffians were pro-slavery activists from _____ who moved into Kansas to make it a slave state.

Missouri (the South)

What were the loyal border states?

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri (West Virginia later on)

The Battle of Baltimore and telegraph line cutters led to…

the suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln

The Battle of Antietam allows for Lincoln to …

pass the Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves where?

In states against the Union (confederacy)

Gettysburg Address significance

The Civil War is being fought not only for preserving the Union, but now for equality and freedom

Lincoln’s second inaugural speech emphasizes…

national unity and reconstruction (“with malice towards none”)

Lincoln is assassinated by…

John Wilkes Booth

Battle of Antietam Year

1862

Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg month/day/year

July 4, 1863

The battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg accomplish which part of the Anaconda Plan?

Land part

Battle of Fort Sumter year, how many deaths?

1861, none

Lincoln calls for how many volunteer soldiers in response to the Battle of Fort Sumter?

75k

Fort Pillow Massacre year and approx. season

Early-mid 1864

Fort Pillow Massacre story

Confederacy massacres a mostly-African-American group of soldiers

Sherman’s March to the Sea year and approx. season

Late 1864

Charles Sumner talks about abolishing. Sumner then is badly beaten by whom using a cane? (Sumner also criticized this person’s father for being pro-slavery)

Preston Brooks

Civil War Amendments and their main points

13th: Slavery abolished (EXCEPT for prison punishment)
14th: Birthright citizenship
15th: Vote cannot be denied based on race

The KKK was founded in what state and in what year?

Tennessee, 1866

Harriet Tubman is known for…

freeing scores of slaves, Union army spy and guidance in freeing hundreds of slaves more

How many died in the Civil War? What % were African Americans?

700k, 10%

Ratification of Civil War Amendments years

1865, 1868, 1870

Describe the three plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln’s 10% Plan: 10% voters pledge for readmission
Johnson's plan: doesn’t sympathize with African Americans and planters specifically, wants readmission ASAP, doesn’t want to pass abolitionist reforms
Radical Republican Plan: led by Thaddeus Stevens, 50% voters pledge for readmission, 14th amendment must be ratified for representation

Sherman and Stanton meet with whom to decide African American Reconstruction in the South?

20 Black ministers (recall SC & Georgia reserved to give to African Americans with self-gov’t and protection by Congress)

Sherman issues “40 acres and a mule” order, reversed by…

President Andrew Johnson

Reparations definition

Repair damage caused by discrimination

NYC Draft Riots year

1863

How do Black Codes and Jim Crow laws differ?

Black Codes immediately after war, usually interposition
Jim Crow laws later, enforce segregation

Andrew Johnson, Edwin Stanton, Tenure of Office Act, and impeachment story

AJ removes ES from Sec. of War position without approval from Senate, violates ToO Act, House impeaches AJ, but Senate doesn’t by one vote

Surrender at Appomattox courthouse in what state and what date?

Virginia, April 9, 1865 (Lee to Grant)

Vagrancy laws definition

Some states pass, punishing joblessness and/or poverty crimes, affects many African Americans, bypasses 13th amendment (slavery as punishment for crime)

The Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866 are both…

vetoed by Andrew Johnson, yet both vetoes are overturned by Congress

Lincoln was on the ballot in most southern states (True/False).

False (he won without a single southern electoral vote, enraging southerners)

Who promoted the Compromise of 1850?

Henry Clay

With whom did Lincoln share his draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with?

William Seward

McClellan is a “turncoat” because…

he bails fighting a battle if he sees any difficulty

How many African Americans serve as soldiers?

180k