health promotions

what are the three levels of health promotion?

primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention

define health:

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being," encompassing emotional, spiritual, and intellectual well-being

define fitness:

set of attributes or characteristics that relate to the ability to perform an activity

what 2 historical frameworks merged to form the biopsychosocial model for health and disability?

1) The Disablement Model (Nagi, 1965)

2) ICF (WHO, 2001)

which framework is the core model PTs use to conceptualize their work?

the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by WHO (2001)

define "pathology" according to Nagi's Disablement Concepts:

abnormal function or structures at a cellular level

define "impairment" according to Nagi's Disablement Concepts:

abnormalities of organs or body systems

define "functional limitation" according to Nagi's Disablement Concepts:

limitation in performance of the whole organism or person

define "disability" according to Nagi's Disablement Concepts:

limitation in defined socio/cultural roles and tasks

what is a significant limitation of Nagi's Disablement Models?

they assume an underlying issue and do not account for normal, healthy aging adults

what are the 3 levels of human function described by the WHO ICF?

1) level of body or body part

2) whole person

3) whole person in their complete environment

match Nagi's Disablement Concepts to their equivalent in the WHO ICF framework.

1) Pathology (Nagi) = Health Condition (WHO ICF)

2) Impairment (Nagi) = Body Function and Structures (WHO ICF)

3) Functional Limitation (Nagi) = Activities (WHO ICF)

4) Disability (Nagi) = Participation (WHO ICF)

what is the primary focus of PTs within the WHO ICF model?

body function and structures

list three basic assessment measures PTs use at the Body Function and Structures level of the WHO ICF model.

1) goniometric measurements for ROM

2) MMT for strength

3) Ashworth scale for resistance to passive movement

Provide three examples of what PTs are experts in within the "Activities" domain of the WHO ICF model.

1) bed mobility

2) transfers

3) ambulation

examples of physical activities according to WHO ICF model?

lifting, standing, walking, sitting, balancing (verbs)

example of non-physical activities according to WHO ICF model?

pain, communication, mental well-being

how can PT treatment impact the "Participation" domain of the WHO ICF model?

PT treatment can have a significant impact on preventing or alleviating disabilities, extending beyond basic ADLs (Activities) to a broader influence on other areas of disability

list three examples of "Participation" from the WHO ICF model.

1) household management

2) vocational (school, job)

3) avocational/recreational roles (sport, hobbies, religious activities)

define "Environmental Factors" within the WHO ICF model.

the physical, social, and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives

examples of environmental factors (external):

products and technology (prosthetics), natural and human made environment, support and relationships, attitudes, services, systems, policies

define "Personal Factors" within the WHO ICF model.

something about the individual that is NOT part of a health condition

examples of personal factors (internal):

sex, race, age, health conditions, fitness, lifestyle, upbringing, coping styles, social background, past + current experience, character style

define "Capacity" in the context of environmental qualifiers.

the highest probable level of function in a "standardized" environment

define "Performance" in the context of environmental qualifiers.

the highest level of function in the current environment

with environmental facilitators/enablers, is performance or capacity greater?

performance

with environmental barriers, is capacity or performance greater?

capacity

what is the goal of Health Promotion and Wellness?

to intervene to prevent or buffer the progression from pathology to disability (Health Continuum)

define "Primary Prevention".

intervention to prevent the initiation of a disease process (health maintenance/promotion), targeting the general population

provide two examples of "Primary Prevention".

exercise programs and vaccines

define "Secondary Prevention".

intervention to arrest the development of a disease while the patient is asymptomatic (medical care)

provide two examples of "Secondary Prevention"

1) blood pressure medication (for asymptomatic hypertension)

2) interventions for osteoarthritis before clinical manifestation

define "Tertiary Prevention".

intervention to minimize the disability, morbidity, and mortality of a disease once it has clinically manifested (sickness care)

provide two examples of "Tertiary Prevention".

1) surgery

2) physical therapy

according to the APTA, what is the unique role of Physical Therapists in society regarding health?

PTs serve as a "dynamic bridge between health and health services delivery for individuals and populations" in prevention, wellness, fitness, health promotion, and management of disease and disability

do PTS regularly promote physical activity to patients?

NO

what are the two main reasons cited for the "Health Paradox" in modern society?

1) sedentary lifestyle

2) poor nutritional choices

in evolutionary terms, how is "Fitness" defined?

the relative ability to pass on genes, with adaptation as a key component

define natural selection.

organisms with favorable phenotypical variation will be more successful in surviving and reproducing

define adaptation:

useful feature SHAPED BY NATURAL SELECTION, that promotes survival and reproduction

what are the principles for adaptation?

1) context specific (has to help you do something)

2) all involve tradeoffs

3) imperfect (but toward a better solution)

4) not all variations are adaptations

what is the real problem in todays society?

evolution hasn't stopped, but cultural change happens faster than natural selection

are diet and exercise guidelines normal or abnormal behaviors?

abnormal

what is the core message of "EXERCISE IS MEDICINE"?

- fitness decreases all-source mortality

- physical activity is a matter of life and death with a dose-dependent relationship

- good fitness strongly correlates with good function and health