life 103 body systems

Every organism must ___ with its environment

Exchange materials

Is the direct exchange between cells in multicellular organisms and the environment possible?

No

Gills are specialized___ in animals

Exchange systems

In gills oxygen

Diffuses from water into blood vessels

In gills carbon dioxide

Diffuses from blood into water

The purpose of the circulatory system

How cells exchange matter with the environment by this fluid filled system

Diffusion is most efficient

Over short distances with a large surface area

Open circulatory system

Circulatory fluid known as hemolymph directly connects

Closed circulatory system

Blood confined in vessels distinct from interstitial fluid

1. Blood Vessel- Arteries

Carries blood away from heart to the capillaries and exists through the ventral

2: Blood Vessels: Veins

Return blood into the heart and enters through the atrium

Single circulation

Blood leaves the heart and passes through 2 capillary buds, 2 chambers

Single circulation occurs in

Fish and some amphibians

Double circulation

Oxygen rich + oxygen poor bloodis pumped separately from left to right to maintain a higher blood pressure

Double circulation occurs in

Mammals, reptiles, amphibians

Lungs

Blood loads O2 and unloads CO2

Capillaries

Thin walls exchange one blood cell at a time, slow

Arteries

Have thicker walls due to high blood pressure pumped by the heart

Blood flows one direction away from the _

Heart

Blood flow velocity

Has a large total cross section therefore slowest in capillary buds

Lymphatic system

Returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary buds

During infection the lymphatic system

Becomes swollen and tender

Gases undergo diffusion from a region of

Higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure

Animals require large moist respiratory surfaces

Skin, gills, lungs, trachea

Gills and concurrent exchange

Transfer of heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions to reduce heat loss

Tracheal system in insects

Consists of of a network of branching tubes throughout the body that supplies oxygen directly to the cells

The tracheal system in insects limits

Size

In the tracheal system in insects the respiratory and circulatory systems are separate. True or false

True

Lungs are part of the

Respiratory system in mammals

Lungs are

Infoldings of the bodies surface that transports gases to the rest of the body

Lungs use negative pressure for and positive pressure for _

For sucking, for blowing

Alvoeli

Air sacks of at tips of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, O2 diffuses in blood and CO2 diffuses in air

In birds air passes through the lungs in

One direction

As lung volume increases

The rib muscles and diaphragm contracts

Respiratory pigments are

Proteins that transport O2 to increase the amount of O2 blood can carry

Example of respiratory pigments

Hemoglobin

All animals have _ immunity

Innate

Innate Immunity

Is defense immediately with infection that is present before any exposure and is effective from birth

Vertebrates have _ immunity

Adaptive

Adaptive immunity develops

After exposure

The digestive system is protected by a _ and _

Chitin based barrier and lysozyme (enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls)

Hemocytes carry out

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

Ingestion and digestion of foreign substances

Innate immunity includes

Phagocytosis, anti microbial bacteria, and barrier defense

Adaptive immunity receptors provide

Pathogen specific recognition

Antigens

Elicit and response from a or B cells

Activation of B cells

Antibodies outside of cell

First characteristic of the immune system

Immune diversity, lymphocytes and receptors randomly generated

Second characteristic of the immune system

Self tolerance

Third characteristic of the immune system

B and T cells multiply after activation

Fourth characteristic of the immune system

Immunological memory

Antibodies do not kill pathogens instead they

Mark pathogens for destruction

Plasma cells create

Antibodies

Immunological memory provides

Long term protection against disease

1st expose leads to

The primary immune response where the effector forms (a+b cells)

2nd immune response

Memory cells lead to a faster and more efficient response

Humoral immune response

Antibodies help neutralize/eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph (plasma cells)

Cell mediated immune response

Specialized T-cells destroy affected host cells

Cytotoxic T-cells

Response to infected cells, inject toxic proteins that disrupts the cell membrane of target cells and triggers apoptosis

Antibodies function of neutralization

Antibodies bind to viral surface proteins and to toxins in body fluids

Antibodies function of opsonization

Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and triggers phagocytosis

Allergies

Are a over exaggerated response to allergies

Inflammatory response

Most cells release histamine that triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable leading enhanced blood flow to deliver anti microbial peptides to the site resulting in pus

Osmoregulation

Controls solute concentration and balances water gain/loss

Animals maintain the the volume and content of body fluids through

Excretion

Osmolarity

Solute concentration movement across a semipermeable membrane

Osmoconformers

Do not regulate the osmolarity instead they are isosmotic. (Concentration is the same as the inside and outside)

Osmoregulators

Spend energy to control water uptake

Hyposomatic environment

In bony fishes that balance water loss by drinking sea water and removing salt in there gills and kidneys

Hypersomatic environment

Freshwater fish that loose salts through diffusion and drink almost no water

Adaptations to prevent water loss on land includes

Body coverings, eating moist food, and producing water metabolically

Animals nitrogenous waste represents its

phylogeny and habitat

Nitrogenous waste is a product of

Proteins and nucleic acids

Excretory systems are variations of

Tubular themes

1. Filatration

Filtering body fluids

2. Reabsorption

Reclaiming valuable solutes

3. Secretion

Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate

4. Excretion

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes released from the body

Metanephidia

In earthworms, tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion

Malpighian tubes

Insects, removes nitrogenous wastes and produces dry waste (uric acid) important adaptation to terrestrial life

Kidneys

Vertebrates, ducts carry urine from tubules out of kidney and out of body filtering blood (osmoregulation and excretion)

Kidneys

Countercurrent exchange system