A&P2 CHAPT 28

a: ______: the cell division for sexual reproduction - one diploid cell undergoes 2 cell divisions to produce 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells - general term!

b:_____ (aka reduction division): chromosome number is halved

• unique due to pairing of homologous chromosomes, synapsis, and crossing over

c: ______: sister chromatids pulled apart

meiosis, meiosis I, meiosis II

a: ________: cell has 46 chromosomes, 2 sets of homologous pairs (one set from dad, one set from mom)

b:_______: cell has 23 chromosomes, 1 set of homologous pairs

c: _____: when two identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere, made after DNA replication

diploid, haploid, duplicated chromatids

a: ________: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum

b: what reproductive organ “significance” is this labelled under?

testes, primary

a: _______: 2 chambered sac that contains testes and are separated by raphe.

• ______: smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin to reduce surface area + retain heat

• ______: skeletal muscle that lifts/lowers testes to bring them closer or farther from the body to regulate temperature

• Both of these ^ help regulate ______ for ______ production

scrotum, dartos, cremaster muscle, temperature, sperm

Testis

• ______: sperm cells are secreted

• ______ testosterone

exocrine, endocrine

*parts of the testis

• _______: thick white connective tissue

• _______: located inside the test lobules + where sperm are produced via spermatogenesis

• ______: located outside seminiferous tubules in the spaces between them + they produce testosterone. stimulated by _____

• ______: divide mitotically to form daughter spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

  • ______: divide in the first division of meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes

  • ______: divide in the second division of meiosis to form four spermatids

    • _______: develop an acrosome and flagellum

tunica albuginea, seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, LH, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids

a. know the path of sperm through the testis to the epididymis (USE ARROWS)

seminiferous tubules > tubuli recti and rate testis > efferent tubules > epididymis

a. testis form in the ______ ____ of the _____ and have to descent through the _____ ____ to the ______

b. ^ this occurs before… __________

c. it is guided by __________ and pass through inguinal rings (bilateral oblique passageways)

abdominal cavity, embryo, inguinal canal, scrotum, birth, fibromuscular gubernaculum

a. _______ : failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum + prevents normal sperm development

cryptorchidism

a: _________ :production of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules

• _________ : divide mitotically to form daughter spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

• ________: divide in the first division of meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes

• _______: divide in the second division of meiosis to form four spermatids

  • _____: develop an acrosome and flagellum

b: spermatogonia- 2n or n?

c. primary spermatocytes- 2n or n?

d. secondary spemratocytes- 2n or n?

spermatogenesis, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, 2n, 2n, n

a: _________: produce testosterone + found outside tubules

b:_______ : nourish sperm cells and form a blood-testis barrier and produce sex hormone binding globulin. Found inside the tubules

• convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol facilitating sperm development

• the _________: is to form tight junctions to protect developing sperm from immune system attack

interstitial cells, sustentacular cells, blood-testis barrier

a: _______: immature, non-motile cell that results from meiosis after second division of meiosis

b: ______: result of spermatogenesis (final stage)

• mature + motile sperm that can fertilize an egg

c: ______: final stage where spermatid transforms into mature sperm

• ________: contains DNA (23 chromosomes) for genetic material to combine w/ egg

  • has ______= cap w/ enzymes that break down the egg’s outer layer so fertilization can occur

• _____: contains mitochondria

  • Function: contains mitochondria to make ATP

  • Powers the tail so the sperm can move/swim

• ____ (____ ): long whip-like structure used for motility

spermatid, spermatozoa, spermatogenesis, head, acrosome, mid piece, tail, flagellum

a: ______: consists of a head, body, and a long tail

• function: site of ____ _____ ____ + storage + concentration + sperm gain motility

• life time for sperm: can live for______ ____ if not ejaculated

• travel time for sperm: it takes _______days for sperm to travel the epididymis

epididymis, sperm cell maturation, several weeks, 12-16

 

 

• Be able to describe the passage of sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. Know the

ducts the sperm passes through, including the three parts of the urethra, and glands that

add secretions to the semen PUT LATER SAY THIS

PUT LATER

a: 3 columns that engorge with blood

• _______: expanded at base to form crus. Attached by ligaments to coxae

• ______: surrounds spongy urethra. forms the bulb

• c____ + b_____= root of penis

b: 2 functions of the penis? (list them in alphabetical order and comma

c. it is the ____ male organ involved in both the urinary and reproductive systems

d: ______: enlargement of corpus spongiosum

• _______: covers glans/penis

corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, cruca, bulb, injection of sperm, urination, external, glans penis, prepuce/foreskin

*be able to describe the 3 accessory glands + their secretions

• _____: empty into ejaculatory duct

  • produce about ___ of semen

  • secretion: contains ____

  • ____ pH

  • produce fructose, citric acid, and other nutrients for sperm cells

• ______: produces 30% of semen

  • thin, milky secretion, high pH

  • contains _____ factors + fibrinolysin

  • helps neutralize acidic urethra

• _____: precum

  • contribute to 5% to semen

  • ____ secretion before ______
    helps neutralize pH of female vagina

seminal vesicles, 60%, fibrinogen, high, prostate gland, clotting, bulbourethral glands, mucous, ejaculation

*know the hormone regulation

• _____ : secretion that increases leading to increased LH + FSH release

• _____ : levels promote interstitial cells to produce large amounts of testosterone

• ____ : levels act on sustentacular cells to promote sperm formation

• _____: secreted from sustentacular cells inhibits FSH secretion

GnRH, LH, FSH, Inhibit

a: what does cGH stand for?

• prior to birth the ____ secretes CGH which stimulates secretion of _____ by _____ and causes the development of male organs

b. ____ : age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction

• prior to this, small amounts of ____ from the ____ inhibits ____

• the ____ becomes less sensitive to _____ inhibition

• if GnRH increases, amount of LH and FSH ____

• elevated FSH causes sperm cell formation

• Elevated LH causes ___ ___ to secrete larger amounts of testosterone

chorionic gonadotropin hormone, placenta, testosterone, fetal testes, puberty, testosterone, adrenal gland, GnRH, pituitary, testosterone, increases, interstitial cells

DO LATER • What are the sources of testosterone in the male, where is most of the testosterone

produced, and the effects (secondary male characteristics)

-   The sources of testosterone in the male: most from interstitial cells of testes with small amounts from adrenal glands and sustentacular cells

-   Where is most the testosterone produced: interstitial cells (Leydig)

-   Effects:

o   Enlargement and differentiation of male genitals and reproductive duct system

o   Necessary for sperm cell formation

o   Required for descent of testes

o   Hair growth on certain parts of the body, skin is rougher and coarser, quanitity of melanin increases

o   Increases rate of secretion of sebaceous glands

o   Hypertrophy of larynx

o   Increases metabolic rate, red blood cell count, and protein synthesis

o   Rapid bone growth, causes closure of epiphyseal plates

DO LATER

DO LATER • Know the series of male sex act: erection (what neurotransmitters involved), emission,

ejaculaton, orgasm, resolution. Know the nerve involved with the reflex signals

-   #1: Erection:

o   Initiated by: parasympathetic nervous system

o   Nerve involved: Pudenal nerve

o   Neurotransmitters:

§  Acetylcholine (Ach)

§  Nitric oxide (NO)-> causes smooth muscle relaxation and blood vessel dilation in erectile tissue

o   Result: erectile tissues fill with blood > penis becomes erect

-   #2: Emission: controlled by sympathetic nervous system (spinal cord) – peristaltic contractions of reproductive ducts - seminal vesicles and prostate release secretions

o   What happens: sperm and fluids from the epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands enter the urethra

o   Internal urethra sphincter closes to prevent urine from mixing with semen

o   Accumulation in prostatic urethra sends sensory information through pudenal nerve to spinal cord

o   Sympathetic and somatic motor output

§  Sympathetic: constriction of internal sphincter of urinary bladder so semen and urine do not mix

-   #3: Ejaculation: contraction of skeletal muscles, urogenital diaphragm and base of penis causing rhythmic contractions that force semen out of urethra (Forceful expulsion)

o   Sensations result in orgasm associated with ejaculation, and then resolution

-   #5: Resolution: the body returns to normal; erect penis returns to previous flaccid state

DO LATER

a: _____ when parasympathetic nerves of penis release too little nitric oxide which leads to inability to attain erection

• effects 50% of American men over ___

OTHER CAUSES: just read

o   Temporary ED caused by psychological factors, alcohol, or drugs (antihypertensives, antidepressants, etc.)

o   Chronic ED result of problems with blood vessels (atherosclerosis, varicose veins) or nervous system (stroke, penile nerve damage, multiple sclerosis)

§  Diabetes mellitus is often underlying cause

o   New drugs, sildenafil (Viagra) and other enhance effect of existing NO

erectile dysfunction, 40

*QUIZ

• a: where does spermatogenesis occur?

• b: what part of the urethra passes through the penis

• c: name the two molecules (neurotransmitters) that are released to cause the erectile tissue of the penis to fill

• d: what is the midpiece of the sperm filled with?

  • what is its role?

• e: name the erectile tissue in the penis (alphabetical)

• f: action potentials for the male sex act are conducted by sensory neurons from the genitals through the ____ nerve to the sacral of the spinal cord

• g: which accessory gland produces food (glycogen + citric acid) for the sperm?

• h: gland/glands responsible for producing most of the secretions n the semen?

• i. the ____stores sperm until they are fully mature and acquire their motility

• j: the darts and cremaster muscles are important in the scrotum homeostasis. what is their role there?

testes, spongy urethra, acetycholine, nitric oxide, mitochondria, ATP production, corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, seminal vesicles, seminal vesicles, epididymis, regulate temperature of the testes

a. know the female reproductive organs + their location

• _______: attached to the broad ligament + connected via mesovarium, suspensory ligament, and ovarian ligament. located on each side of uterus

• _____: open into the peritoneal cavity to receive oocyte + include infundibulum (near ovary), ampulla (site of _____?), connected to uterus

• _____: positioned anteverted or retroverted tilted backward. Sits between the bladder and the rectum. Supported by various ligaments

• ____: extends from the cervix to the exterior; located between the bladder and the rectum

• ____: includes labia, clitoris, vestibule, mons pubis, etc. Located externally at the opening of the vaginal canal. Clitoris is anterior to vestibule

• ____: located within the breasts; anterior chest wall. Made of modified sweat glands surrounded by adipose tissue

ovaries, uterine tubes, fertilization, uterus, vagina, external genital organs, mammary glands

a. the broad ligament holds what in place?

female organs

*understand these structures

• ______: outer, dense. contains follicles with oocytes

• ______: inner, looser region. contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

• _____: connective tissue of the ovary that supports ovarian structures

• ____: capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the germinal epithelium + gives ovary its structure

• _____: earliest stage + they become a primary follicle when oocyte and granular cells enlarge

• ______: oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal granulose cells + begins producing zona pellucida around oocyte + becomes secondary follicle with secondary oocyte and enlarges to form mature of Graafian follicle (usually only one is ovulated, others degenerate)

• ____: multiple layers of granulose cells + forms fluid-filled spaces (antrum) + oocyte becomes secondary oocyte as meiosis I completes and matures into Graafian follicle

• ____: (mature follicle) + large follicle that is ready for ovulation + contains secondary oocyte and corona radiate + ruptures during ovulation to release oocyte and becomes corpus luteum

• ____: formed from ruptured Graafian follicle + secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain endometrium + persists IF fertilization occurs

• ____: fibrous scar tissue + formed when corpus luteum degenerates (because of no fertilization > no hormone secretion)

ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla, stroma, tunica albugine, primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, graafian follicle, follicle corpus luteum, corpus albicans

*be able to describe oogenesis within the ovary - short answers

a: what process increases the number of oognonia during development?

b: what do most oogonia become before birth?

c: at what stage does meiosis I pause before birth?

d: when does meiosis I resume?

e: what are the cells produced at the end of meiosis I?

f: which cell gets most of the cytoplasm?

g: what happens to the first polar body?

h: what is released during ovulation?

i: at what phase does meiosis II stop?

j: what triggers the completion of meiosis II?

k: what are the products of meiosis II?

L: what's the chromosome number of the ovum?

m: which cells are diploid (2n)? (provide 2 answers)

n: which cells are haploid (n)? - provide 3 answers

mitosis, primary oocytes, prophase I, puberty, secondary oocyte + first polar body, secondary oocyte, degenerates or divides again, secondary oocyte, metaphase II, fertilization, ovum + second polar body, 23, oogonia, primary oocyte, ovum, polar bodies, secondary oocyte

*be able to describe oogenesis within the ovary - except just read it!! and understand

• Be able to describe oogenesis within the ovary including: follicles, oocytes, which are 2n

and n

-   #1: During development, oogonia increase in number by mitosis

-   #2: Before birth, most of the oogonia have differentiated into primary oocytes

-   #3: Primary oocytes (diploid cells) begin the process of meiosis I. Meiosis stops during the first meiotic division at prophase I

-   #4: At puberty the primary oocytes reenters and complete meiosis I just before ovulation. Unlike meiosis in males, cytoplasm is split unevenly between the 2 haploid cells. Most of the cytoplasm remains with the secondary oocyte, resulting in a larger cell. The cytoplasm contains organelles, such as mitochondria, and nutrients that increase the viability of the secondary oocyte. The smaller first polar body has less cytoplasm and therefore few organelles and nutrients. It either degenerates OR divides producing second polar bodies, which eventually degenerate

-   #5: Ovulation is the release of a secondary oocyte from an ovary. The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division, but stalls at metaphase II unless fertilization occurs.

o   Fertilization begins when a sperm cell binds to and penetrates the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte. Subsequently, the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division to form two cells, each containing 23 chromosomes. One of these cells has very little cytoplasm and is called the second polar body, which eventually degenerates. The other, larger cell is often called ovum

ANSWER: SAY YEZM

YEZM

a. only ___ mature ova develops and ____ polar bodies

one, two

a. the sperm penetrates the _____ of the ____ in order to initiate ______

cell membrane, ova, meiosis II

a. know the parts of the ________

• composed of

  • _____: funnel shaped structure that opens to the peritoneal cavity to receive the oocyte

  • _____: long, finger-like thin processes that extend from the infundibulum. Inner surface is ciliated

  • ____: widest part of the tubes + this is where ______ occurs.

    • provides nutrients for the oocyte/embryonic mass

    • cilia moves fluid and oocyte/embryonic mass through the tube toward the uterus

b: surgery:

• _____: female sterilization in which a portion of the fallopian tubes are cut/clipped which prevents the oocyte from meeting the sperm.

c: how is the egg set up into the uterine tube?

• by having the ____ open directly into the _____ to receive the oocyte from the ovary and transport oocyte or zygote from ovary to uterus

uterine tube, infundibulum, fimbriae, ampulla, fertilization, tubal ligation, uterine tube, peritoneal cavity

*understand the parts of the uterus + layers

a: ____: hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ

• function: to receive, retain, and nourish ______ ______

• positions are either..

  • ______: inclined forward (the normal position)

  • ______: inclined backward

• regions of this:

  • ____: rounded superior region

  • ____: major portion

  • ____: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into the vagina

  • _____: communicates with the

    • Vagina via ____ ___

    • Uterine body via ____ ___

• made up of 3 layers:

  • _____: outermost serous layer

  • _____: bulky middle layer that consists of interlacing layers of smooth muscle- contracts rhythmically during childbirth

  • _____: mucosal lining. composed of simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria

    • fertilized egg burrows into the ____ and resides there during development

    • ______: has 2 chief layers (Strata)

      • _______ (functional layer)

        • changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles

        • shed during _____

      • ________ (basal layer)

        • forms new stratum functionalis after menstruation

        • unresponsive to ovarian hormones

uterus, fertilized ovum, anteverted, retroverted, fundus, body, cervix, cervical canal, external os, internal os, perimetric, myometrium, endometrium, endometrium, endometrium, stratum functionals, menstruation, stratum basalis

a: what is this describing? “birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation

b: location: extends between _____ and rectum from cervix to exterior

c. vaginal secretions are ______ in adult males (pH 4-5) but _____ in adolescents

d: ____ becomes thicker in adults as they mature sexually

• parts:

  • ____: mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition that ruptures with intercourse

  • ____: upper end of vagina surrounding cervix

  • ________ in wall of vagina: secretes lubricating fluids during intercourse

  • ____: in wall of vagina: stretches during childbirth (kind of elastic)

• ______ ____: resident vaginal bacterium that helps maintain the acidic pH

  • douching, vaginal sprays, deodorants, low estrogen levels, antibiotics, all of these can destroy the resident bacteria and lower the body’s defenses against vaginal yeast infections
    

vagina, bladder, acidic, alkaline, epithelium, hymen, vaginal fornix, mucous membrane, smooth layer, lactobacillus acidophilus

*describe the _____ ___ Of the female

• _____: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis

• _____: hair-covered, fatty skin folds. Homologous to male scrotum

• _____: skin folds lying within labia majora

• _____: anterior to vestibule

  • counterpart of penis, body of clitoris has erectile tissue

  • extensively innervated + vascularized (composed of corpora cavernosa- central to female arousal

  • female circumcision or genital multination (social problem)

• _____ ____:

  • homologous to bulbs-urethral glands

  • release mucus into vestibule for lubrication

• ____: diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch + coccyx

  • divided into anterior urogenital triangle + posterior anal triangle

• ________ ___ : region between vagina and anus. skin here can tear during ______

  • _____: incision during ^ this to aid in childbirth

external genitalia, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minor, clitoris, greater vestibular glands, perineum, clinical perineum, clinical perineum, episiotomy

a: ________: organs of milk production located within breasts

• consists of ____ ___ of modified sweat glands + adipose tissue

• external structures include a raised nipple surrounded by the pigmented areola that contains areolar glands that lubricate and protect the nipple and areola

• _____ ____ : supports the breasts

• _______ : consists of 15-20 lobes surrounded by fat; each lobe had a single _____ duct that enlarges into a ______ that stores milk during letdown

mammary glands, glandular lobes, cooper ligaments, adult female mammary gland, lactiferous, lactiferous sinus

a: ____: puberty starts with this and is the first episode of menstrual bleeding. being when GnRH levels increase, as well as LH and FSH

b: ____ : absence of a menstrual cycle

c: _____ : cessation of menstrual cycles

menarche, amenorrhea, menopause

a. what is the length of the menstrual cycle? how many days?

b. what does the ovarian cycle affect?

c. what does the uterine cycle affect?

d: ovulation occurs on what day?

e. ovulation happens between which two phases?

f: hormone that triggers ovulation?

h: hormone that maintains endometrium?

i. hormone from follicles?

j: hormone from hytpoahalmus?

K: hormone that keeps corpus luteum alive?

28, ovaries, uterus, 14, follicular & luteal, LH, progesterone, estrogen, GnRH, hCG

• Know the follicular phase and luteal phase of the ovary.

  • _______ (Day 1-14): follicles develop + estrogen rises

  • ______ (Day 14): egg is released

  • _______ (Day 15-28): corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone

• Know the phases of the uterus: menses, proliferative, secretory phase.

  • _____ (day 1-5): shedding of the lining

    • _________: the discharge of the sloughed endometrial tissue and blood

  • ______ (day 6-14): estrogen rebuilds the lining

  • ______(day 15-28): progesterone thickens the lining for implantation

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase

a: female sexual behavior depends on?

b: key 2 hormones in female sexual behavior (alphabetical) say and

c: what nerve is involved in the female sex act?

d: where does the pudenal nerve send signals?

e: genital stimulation triggers?

b: female sex act:

• blood engorgement in clitoris and around vaginal opening

• erect nipples

• mucous-like fluid extruded into vagina and through wall

• orgasm occurs followed by resolution

• orgasm not necessary for fertilization to occur

hormones, androgens and steroids, pudenal, spinal cord, reflexes

a. where is the sperm deposited during copulation?

b: path of sperm after ejaculation (use arrows)

c: what process allows sperm to penetrate the egg?

d: where does fertilization occur

• specifically in what section?

e: what secretes enzymes to help implant in the uterus?

f: what hormone does the hormone trophoblast release?

g: where does implantation occur?

h: what is it called when implantation happens outside the uterus?

i: when is hCG highest?

j: what symptoms does hCG cause alongside vomiting (most general)

k: what hormone increases in the 2nd trimester?
L: what hormone increases in the 3rd trimester?

vagina, vagina > cervix > uterus > uterine tube > ampulla, capacitation, uterine tube, ampulla, trophoblast, hCG, endometrium, ectopic, 1st trimester, nausea, progesterone, estrogen

a. what hormone causes morning sickness?

b. what hormone is detected in pregnancy tests?

hCG, hCG

a. what changes are after menopause?

b: what is the term for the transition phase before menopause?
c: what hormone levels are elevated after menopause? (2)

d: why do LH and FSH rise?

e: what hormones do the ovaries stop producing (2)

f: common symptoms: hot flashes, irritability, night sweats, fatigue, anxiety (just read)

irregular, perimenopause, LH and FSH, follicle insensitivity, estrogen and progesterone

*changes in aging male

a: what happens to testes with age?

b: what cells decrease in number with age in males?

c: what happens to seminiferous tubules with age?

d: what happens to sperm production with age?
e: what decreases to prostate blood flow with age?

f: prostate epithelial lining becomes?

g: smooth muscle cells in prostate?

h: aging increases risk of what male cancer?

i: what may decrease in sexual activity with age?

shrink, interstitial, thin, decreases, decreases, thicker, decrease, prostate, performance

*know the birth control methods discussed

• _______

  • _____: inserted into the uterus. can be copper (non-hormonal) or hormone-releasing (progesterone-coated or levonorgestrel-releasing) + prevents fertilization

  • ____: capsule placed under the skin of the upper arm. releases etonogestrel (synthetic progesterone). Thickens cervical mucus, making it hard for sperm to reach the egg.

• _______: typically not reversible

  • ______: fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or clipped, preventing egg and sperm from meeting

    • gender?

  • _____: vas defenses is cut, so no sperm leaves the male’s body

    • gender?

• _______

  • ______: hormonal injections given periodically (usually every 3 months)

  • _____: oral contraceptives taken daily. Contains estrogen and/or progesterone

  • ____: hormones absorbed through the skin + changed weekly

  • ____: inserted into vagina. releases hormones locally, replaced monthly.

• _______

  • ____: worn inside vagina to catch sperm

  • _____: worn over penis to prevent sperm from entering vagina

  • _____: dome-shaped barrier placed over cervix, often used with spermicide

• ______

  • _______ avoid sex during known fertile days (cycle tracking)

  • ______ : track cervical mucus daily; if mucus is present today or yesterday, avoid sex

• ______

  • ______: often called morning after or week after pills. work best within 72 hours

  • ______: can be inserted up to 5 days after intercourse to prevent implantation

• _______

  • _____: pulling out before ejaculation. high failure rate

  • _____: avoid sex based on estimated fertile days using a calendar

  • _____: no sexual acuity; 100% effective

long lasting reversible contraception, iud, birth control implant, permanent methods, tubal ligation, female, vasectomy, male, hormonal methods, injectables, pills, patch, vaginal ring, barrier methods, female condom, male condom, diaphragm, standard days method, two-day method, emergency contraception, emergency contraceptive pills, copper IUD insertion, traditional methods, withdrawal, rhythm method, abstinence

*know the disorders

• ______: abnormal opening in the abdominal wall in the inguinal region through which a portion of the small intestine can protrude just

  • Hernia location?

  • Protruding organ?

  • More common in?

  • Weak spot in wall?

  • serious risk?

• _____: abnormal cell growth in the prostate and metastasize to bladder or rectum or other parts of the body

  • affected gland?

  • can spread to?

  • early symptom?

  • later symptoms?

  • screening test?

• _____: the inability or reduced ability to produce offspring

  • main cause?

  • infertility threshold?

  • vein issue?

  • hormone issue?

  • cell movement issue?

  • testis damage cause?

• _____: hormones that have a testosterone-like effects (stimulating grater muscle)

  • mimic?
    feedback effect?

  • hormones suppressed?
    risk?

  • organs harmed?

  • serious events?

• ____: result of strong myocetrial contractions that occur before and during menstruation

  • cause?

  • stimulating hormone?

  • inhibiting hormone?

  • pain relief?

  • drug type?

• ____: serious + fatal disease that most often occurs in females. It is the most common cancer in North American Females

  • common in?

  • common type?

  • Hereditary %?

  • Risk genes?

  • Gene type?

  • high risk age?

• ___: if implantation occurs anywhere other than in the uterine cavity, an ectopic pregnancy results. The most common site of ectopic pregnancy is the uterine tube.

  • common site?

  • danger to fetus?

  • risk to mother?

  • emergency birth method?

  • high-risk type?

• _____: caused by malfunctions of the uterine tubes, reduced hormone secretion from the pituitary gland or the ovaries, and interruption of implantation

  • infection cause?

  • hormone issue?

  • implantation issue?

  • tissue disorder?

  • affects what cavity?

inguinal hernia, inguinal, intestine, males, canal, strangulation, prostate cancer, prostate, bladder, none, urination, PSA, low sperm, 20 million, varicocele, LH/FSH, motility, mumps, testosterone, negative, GnRH, sterility, liver, stroke, prostaglandins, estrogen, progesterone, NSAIDS, ibuprofen. breast cancer, females, ductal, 5-10%, BRCA, suppressor, 50+, ectopic pregnancy, uterine tube, fatal, hemorrhage, C-section, abdominal, female infertility, PID, LH/FSH, tumors, endometriosis, pelvic