clones flashcards

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10 Terms

1
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what is a clone?

a genetically identical copy of an organism

2
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describe the process of adult cell cloning

  1. remove a skin cell from the organism you want to clone and extract the DNA

  2. remove an egg cell from another donor sheep and remove the nucleus via enucleation

  3. insert the 1st nucleus into the enucleated egg cell

  4. fuse the two with an electric shock

  5. allow the egg cell to divide by mitosis to form an embryo

  6. implant the embryo into the uterus lining of a surrogate mother

  7. a baby organism will be born a few months later and it will be a clone

3
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what are the two methods of plant cloning?

  • plant cuttings

  • micropropagation

4
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describe the method of plant cloning via plant cuttings

  • a plant cutting is taken from a parent plant

  • it is planted in soil and provided with nutrients for growth

  • it is simple and cheap

  • root and shoot tips must be used

5
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what are small pieces of plant taken from the stems and side shoots called?

explants

6
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describe the process of micropropagation

  • a plant with desirable characteristics is selected to be cloned + explants are taken

  • the explants are sterilised

  • the explants are grown in vitro, in a petri dish containing a nutrient medium

  • cells in the explant divide and grow into a small plant

  • the small plants are taken out of the medium, planted in soil, and put into glasshouses

  • they will develop into clones of the original plant

7
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what does a nutrient medium contain?

  • all nutrients needed for plant growth

  • growth hormones

8
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why are explants sterilised?

to kill any microorganisms

9
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how would you alter the process of micropropagation to produce plants on a large scale?

you would take new explants from the growing explants and plant them multiple times to grow lots of plants

10
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why might micropropagation be carried out?

  • it allows identical plants to be mass produced and sold, ensuring consistency

  • plants can be produced with desirable characteristics to increase crop yield

  • rare plant species can be preserved and extension can be prevented