Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology: Key Concepts and Structures

What area of study focuses on how the pancreas regulates blood glucose levels through insulin and glucagon secretion?

Physiology

Which subdiscipline of anatomy helps visualize the liver's location relative to surrounding structures like the gallbladder and stomach?

Gross anatomy

What concept is illustrated by the heart's muscular walls being thick to pump blood effectively?

Complementarity

What level of the anatomical hierarchy consists of multiple tissues working together for a specific function?

Organ

What is the primary responsibility of the lymphatic system?

Maintaining fluid balance and providing body defense

What necessary life function is demonstrated by sweating on a hot day?

Responsiveness

In a case of severe dehydration, which survival need is the most immediate concern?

Water

What does homeostasis as a dynamic equilibrium mean?

Internal conditions are maintained within a narrow range around a set point.

What type of feedback mechanism is exemplified by the release of oxytocin during childbirth?

Positive feedback mechanism

What is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?

A failure of long-term blood pressure control, such as hypertension.

What is the correct term for the section that separates the body into a front part and a back part?

Coronal

Where is the proximal end of the humerus located?

Closer to the shoulder

Where would a benign tumor in the mediastinum be located?

In the space between the two lungs

Where is the popliteal region located?

Posterior knee

What type of cross-section separates the body into superior and inferior parts?

Transverse cut

What does the cephalic region refer to?

Head

If a lesion is in the calcaneal region, where is it located?

Heel

The vertebral cavity and cranial cavity belong to which body cavity?

Dorsal body cavity

In the anatomical position, how should the palms be oriented?

Palms facing forward

What is the anatomical term for the study of the structure of cells?

Cytology

What is pathophysiology?

The study of how diseases affect the function of the body.

What is considered a survival need for the human body?

Appropriate pressure.

What does the term cervical refer to?

The neck.

Which larger body cavity contains the mediastinum, pleural cavities, and pericardial cavity?

Ventral body cavity.

What are the smallest units of life that make up tissues?

Cells.

How do negative feedback mechanisms relate to homeostasis?

They help maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

In a control system, what does the afferent part do?

Carries information from the receptor to the control center.

What does histology study?

Tissues.

How is the anatomical position accurately described?

Standing, arms at the sides, forearms supine (palms forward).

What is the relationship of the popliteal region to the tarsal region?

Proximal.

What is the term for the removal of wastes from an organism?

Excretion.

What plane divides the body into right and left parts?

Sagittal plane.

What is the groin region called?

Inguinal.

Which body cavity houses the brain and spinal cord?

Dorsal body cavity.

In which region is the appendix located?

Right iliac region.

Does positive feedback cause amplification of the input stimulus?

True.

What are muscles and glands in the body that can make changes called?

Effectors.

What is a synonym of caudal when referring to the torso?

Inferior.

Where are the pleural cavities located?

In the thoracic cavity.

What does a mass located in the epigastric region indicate?

It is located in the upper central region of the abdomen.

What is the anatomical position used for?

To standardize the description of body parts and positions.

What role do control centers play in a feedback system?

They compare the current value to the desired set point.

What is the area superior to the umbilical region and inferior to the diaphragm called?

Epigastric region

What is the area lateral to the umbilical region on the right side called?

Right lumbar region

What is the area inferior to the umbilical region and superior to the pubic region called?

Hypogastric region

What is the area superior to the diaphragm and medial to the lungs called?

Mediastinum

What is the capacity to do work, such as moving matter?

Energy

Which four elements make up roughly 96% of body weight?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

If a neutral atom has a mass number of 14 and 6 protons, how many neutrons does it have?

8 neutrons

What is a molecule with two or more different elements called?

Compound

What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?

Mixtures can be separated by physical means, while compounds cannot.

What type of bond involves the transfer of an electron from one atom to another?

Ionic bond

What describes the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

It is unchanged by the reaction but increases the rate.

What is a molecule in which electrons are shared unevenly called?

Polar molecule

What is an anabolic reaction where a large molecule is built called?

Synthesis reaction

What type of reaction absorbs energy to build larger molecules?

Endergonic reaction

Which factor would decrease the rate of a chemical reaction?

Increasing the particle size

What is a substance that resists changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions?

Buffer

What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?

Act as the primary energy fuel

Why is a phospholipid crucial for the cell membrane?

It is amphipathic, having a polar head and a nonpolar tail.

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A long chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

What happens to a protein that has been exposed to extreme heat or pH?

It undergoes denaturation.

What best describes the function of an enzyme?

To lower the activation energy of a reaction.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What type of bonds maintain the double-helix structure of DNA between nitrogenous bases?

Hydrogen bonds.

What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

When large molecules are built, what role does water play and what is the reaction termed?

Water is a product and the reaction is termed dehydration synthesis.

What type of reaction involves the breakdown of large molecules?

Catabolic reaction.

Which four elements make up about 96% of our body weight?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

What does the octet rule pertain to in atoms?

The number of electrons in an atom.

What type of bond forms between water molecules, contributing to high heat capacity and surface tension?

Hydrogen bonds.

What does Cl become when it gains an electron during ionization?

Anion.

How is the mass number of an atom defined?

The sum of its protons and neutrons.

What distinguishes isotopes of an element?

They have a different number of neutrons.

In what form are carbohydrates stored in humans?

Glycogen.

What category do steroids like estrogens belong to?

Lipids.

Which statement about enzymes is false?

They raise the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

What is the structure of a protein when one alpha helix folds upon another?

Tertiary structure.

What type of fat contains double bonds and is generally nonpolar?

Unsaturated fat.

What is the pH of a solution with a pH of 2?

Acidic with a high concentration of H+ ions.

How many strands do RNA molecules generally have?

Single stranded.

What additional component do nucleotides contain besides a nitrogenous base and phosphate group?

Sugar.

What type of bond involves unequal sharing of electrons?

Polar covalent bond.

What are acids known as in relation to protons?

Proton donors.

What type of proteins are crucial for maintaining tissue and cell structure?

Fibrous proteins.

How much glucose is in a 3% glucose solution?

3 grams of glucose in 100 ml of solution.

What is a homogeneous mixture of compounds like salt dissolved in water called?

Solution.

What is the property of water that allows it to absorb and release heat with minimal temperature change?

High heat capacity.

What would a substance with a pH of 3.5 be classified as?

Acid.

What is an example of a steroid?

Cholesterol.

What type of lipid is the primary component of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid

What level of protein structure is characterized by the association of two or more polypeptide chains?

Quaternary structure

Which type of membrane protein acts as a channel and is embedded in the membrane?

Integral protein

What membrane specialization increases surface area for absorption in the intestines?

Microvilli

Which type of cell junction prevents substances from passing between adjacent cells?

Tight junction

What is the process called when a substance moves down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer without a protein?

Simple diffusion

What type of solution causes a red blood cell to swell and burst?

Hypotonic

What is the Na+/K+ pump an example of?

Primary active transport

Which organelle is responsible for making ATP aerobically?

Mitochondria

What is the site of protein translation in the cell?

Ribosomes