Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Mercantilism
Government controlled companies trading to benefit mother country by getting metals, Dutch/British in 1700s
Industrial agriculture
Current multiphase process of commercial agriculture, farmers act according to market and global economy, not own needs
Specialization
Growing specialized crops because they are most profitable
Third agriculture revolution
began mid 1900s, going on today, industrial agriculture, GMOs
Biotechnology
GMOs, both crops and livestock
Green revolution
1970s, GMOs and improved fertilizers, caused production outpacing population growth
Desertification
land becoming desert, caused by overgrazing and overplanting.
Other impacts of the green revolution
Helps many people around world, hasn’t helped sub-Saharan Africa because of costs and population growth, desertification, less government aid than is needed
Positive environmental impacts of modern agriculture
production outpacing pop growth, avoids famines
fertilizers increased production
new food sources continue to be invented
reducing dependency on imports in Asia
new irrigation increased production
more profits for farmers and more basic crops
Negative environmental impacts of modern agriculture
poor countries can’t afford technology
increases gap between rich and poor countries
fertilizers cause groundwater pollution and damages soil
over-fishing
famines in Sub-Saharan Africa
groundwater depletion from irrigation
land used for one crop, not many for balanced diet
Other environmental problems beyond clearing land
Erosion- increase flooding and clogging irrigation/drainage channels, take nutrients from soil - lose fertility, depletes natural plants, chemicals in soil/groundwater
Organic agriculture
Food grown without fertilizer/pesticide
Sustainable agriculture
Strategies to increase future food supplies
creating more farmland, not as effective as it has been
increasing productivity
finding new food sources
improving distribution
Von Thünen’s model (including rings)
Pattern of land use surrounding towns; 4 rings - market gardening and dairy, forest, field crops, animal grazing
Intensive agriculture applied to von Thünen
Should be in first ring, small plots of expensive land close to cities
Extensive agriculture applied to von Thünen
Rings 3 and 4, larger and cheaper plots of land farther from cities
Location theory
Attempt to explain how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced
Dispersed settlement
In places with extensive agriculture or large area intensive agriculture by machinery; farmhouses far apart,
Nucleated (clustered) settlement
Villages close together and small surrounding fields; most common pattern worldwide; intense land use, people and animals do the work
Hamlet
Small clusters of buildings
Village
Larger settlements that hamlets
Differences in housing styles
Different regions have different housing styles and materials because of availability of resources or enviroment
Round (circular) village/settlement
East Africa and Europe; houses surrounding a corral, fields extending outside of ring; developed to protect animals
Walled village/settlement
Developed to protect from attack, often surrounded by moats in Europe
Grid village/settlement
More modern, straight streets in grid pattern, works best on flat land
Linear village/settlement
Modern, on major roads, one main street lined buildings
Cluster village/settlement
More than one major road, housing clusters around public buildings
Primogeniture
All land passed down to oldest son
Rectangular survey system
Straight section lines drawn in grids became roads, disregards terrain
Metes and bounds approach
irregular sections, chaotic, based on terrain; New England
Long-lot survey system
Creates narrow sections extending from rivers/roads/canals, gives more people access to transportation
Primary sector
Getting raw materials; agriculture, fishing, mining; largest in low-income pre-industrial countries
Secondary sector
Turns raw materials into goods; petroleum to gas, metal into cars; grows quickly with industrialization
Tertiary sector
Service industry; construction, government, trade; dominates post-industrial societies
Post-industrial society
Countries where most people aren’t in industry
Quaternary sector
Subset of tertiary sector, jobs involving research/development, management/administration, processing/disseminating information
Agriculture
Growing crops/raising animals to produce resources
Neolithic (first agricultural) revolution
People stopped wandering, formed permanent settlements, because of development of agriculture
Agricultural hearth
Places that independently developed agriculture and spread it to people around them
Changes of the neolithic revolution
Increase in reliable food supplies, rapid increase in population, job specialization, patriarchy, distinction between settled and nomads
Vegetative planting
New plants created from direct cloning of live plants, cutting stems and dividing roots
Seed agriculture
Growing plants by planting seeds
Irrigation
Channeling water to fields
Columbian exchange
started in late 1600s-1700s, food products carried across oceans
Second agricultural revolution
Inventions created more yields per acre and farmer
Enclosure
Rich landowners fencing and claiming ‘common’ land to experiment with new techniques.
Migration selectivity (note important factors)
The tendency for certain types of people to move, making them more likely than other people in the same area.
Age - young people, 18-30
Education - People with higher levels of education
Kinship/family ties - People who have relatives/friends who’ve migrated[
Activity space
Summarize factors affecting short-term circulation and activity space
Space-Time Prism
Circulation
The short-term, repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis.
Going from home to work or school.
Migration
A permanent move to new location, within a country or between countries.
Spatial interaction
Broad geographical term for the movement of people, ideas, and commodities within and between areas, circulation and migration.
Demographic equation
Summarizes population change over time in an area by combining NIR and net migration.
Net migration
Difference between emigration and immigration.
Emigration
Migration from a location
Immigration
Migration to a location
Internal (intranational) migration
Migration within the borders of a country
Distance decay
The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.
Step migration
Long-distance migration done in stages.
Moving from rural area to small town, then later from small town to city.
Intervening opportunity
Many who set out to move long-distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations.
Gravity model
Spatial interaction, including migration, is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them.
A large city has greater gravitational pull than a small one, but it stills tends to pull people that live closer rather than farther away.
Critical distance
The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means will eventually prevent migration.
Summarize Ravenstein’s laws of migration (topic sentence of each bullet)
Majority of immigrants move only a short distance.
Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destinations, most leaving rural areas for urban ones.
Each migration flow produces a counterflow, producing low net migrations despite large amounts of movement.
Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults, most international migrants have been young men.
Push factor (economic, cultural, enviromental examples)
Encourages people to move from the region they live in
Ec - few jobs, C - involuntary migrations, fear of persecution, E - natural disasters/hurricanes, climate, disease
Pull factor (economic, cultural, enviromental examples)
Attracts people to a new region
Ec - jobs available, C - US’s democracy for early 1800s Germans who lost their bid to create a democracy, E - Rockies, seashores, dry climates for ppl with health problems
Intervening obstacle
Features that halt/slow migration.
Plains, mountains, deserts on Oregon trail. Governmental regulations for migrants.
Interregional migration
Migration between regions in the same country
Intraregional migration
Migrations within one region in the same country.
Forced migration
Involuntary
Voluntary migration
Migrant chooses to move
Out-migration
More people emigrate from them than immigrate to them.
In-migration
More people immigrate to them than emigrate from them.
Identify the largest flows of migration today
Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, South America to North America
Summarize major US immigration patterns
Initial settlement of colonies - 1m before independence, 1m before 1840, 650k slaves up to 1861.
Emigration from Europe - 1800s/early 1900s, among most significant migrations in recent centuries.
Refugee ( w/ examples)
Forced to flee, cross borders into other countries.
Displaced person (w/ examples)
Forced to flee, within the country.
Summarize immigration issues in Europe
Universalizing religion
Attempts to be global in its appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world.
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Ethnic religion
Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place (60% of world = universalizing, 24% = ethnic, 16% = none)
Monotheism
Belief in one god
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Religious diffusion
The movement of a religion outward from its hearth by missionaries, a diaspora, conquest, internet
Missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
Hierarchical religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
Autonomous religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
Religious cultural landscape
Pilgrimage
Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
Examples of religious conflict
Summarize the natural hazards that affect population patterns
Climate (agriculture, unpredictable weather = death,), natural disasters, famine, disease
AIDS
Began in central Africa in late 1900s, spread around the world by 2000
Pandemic
Widespread epidemic
Restrictive population policies
Policies governments use to reduce NIR, tolerance of officially banned birth control, since the 1990s the UN + other international organizations have also taken an interest in controlling population growth
China’s population policies
1976 - Two-child campaign, gov. provided services like abortions to support.
1979 - one-child policy, incentives + fines (free procedures and fines)
1984 - policy relaxed in rural areas where child labor important
2002 - reinstated bc rural births not being reported
2015 - policy gone
India’s population policies
1950s - provided limited funds for family-planning clinics/programs, not effective
1960s - invested heavily in national program. Riots because of plan the force sterilization of anyone with over 3 kids.
Today - advertising/persuasion, network of clinics even in small villages
International population policies
conferences and laws recommended to control population growth, improve status of women.
Agricultural (neolithic) Revolution
The domestication of plants/animals, increased survival.
Doubling rate
The length of time needed to double the population,