HUG midterm

Mercantilism

Government controlled companies trading to benefit mother country by getting metals, Dutch/British in 1700s

Industrial agriculture

Current multiphase process of commercial agriculture, farmers act according to market and global economy, not own needs

Specialization

Growing specialized crops because they are most profitable

Third agriculture revolution

began mid 1900s, going on today, industrial agriculture, GMOs

Biotechnology

GMOs, both crops and livestock

Green revolution

1970s, GMOs and improved fertilizers, caused production outpacing population growth

Desertification

land becoming desert, caused by overgrazing and overplanting.

Other impacts of the green revolution

Helps many people around world, hasn’t helped sub-Saharan Africa because of costs and population growth, desertification, less government aid than is needed

Positive environmental impacts of modern agriculture

• production outpacing pop growth, avoids famines

• fertilizers increased production

• new food sources continue to be invented

• reducing dependency on imports in Asia

• new irrigation increased production

• more profits for farmers and more basic crops

Negative environmental impacts of modern agriculture

• poor countries can’t afford technology

• increases gap between rich and poor countries

• fertilizers cause groundwater pollution and damages soil

• over-fishing

• famines in Sub-Saharan Africa

• groundwater depletion from irrigation

• land used for one crop, not many for balanced diet

Other environmental problems beyond clearing land

Erosion- increase flooding and clogging irrigation/drainage channels, take nutrients from soil - lose fertility, depletes natural plants, chemicals in soil/groundwater

Organic agriculture

Food grown without fertilizer/pesticide

Sustainable agriculture

Strategies to increase future food supplies

• creating more farmland, not as effective as it has been

• increasing productivity

• finding new food sources

• improving distribution

Von Thünen’s model (including rings)

Pattern of land use surrounding towns; 4 rings - market gardening and dairy, forest, field crops, animal grazing

Intensive agriculture applied to von Thünen

Should be in first ring, small plots of expensive land close to cities

Extensive agriculture applied to von Thünen

Rings 3 and 4, larger and cheaper plots of land farther from cities

Location theory

Attempt to explain how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced

Dispersed settlement

In places with extensive agriculture or large area intensive agriculture by machinery; farmhouses far apart,

Nucleated (clustered) settlement

Villages close together and small surrounding fields; most common pattern worldwide; intense land use, people and animals do the work

Hamlet

Small clusters of buildings

Village

Larger settlements that hamlets

Differences in housing styles

Different regions have different housing styles and materials because of availability of resources or enviroment

Round (circular) village/settlement

East Africa and Europe; houses surrounding a corral, fields extending outside of ring; developed to protect animals

Walled village/settlement

Developed to protect from attack, often surrounded by moats in Europe

Grid village/settlement

More modern, straight streets in grid pattern, works best on flat land

Linear village/settlement

Modern, on major roads, one main street lined buildings

Cluster village/settlement

More than one major road, housing clusters around public buildings

Primogeniture

All land passed down to oldest son

Rectangular survey system

Straight section lines drawn in grids became roads, disregards terrain

Metes and bounds approach

irregular sections, chaotic, based on terrain; New England

Long-lot survey system

Creates narrow sections extending from rivers/roads/canals, gives more people access to transportation

Primary sector

Getting raw materials; agriculture, fishing, mining; largest in low-income pre-industrial countries

Secondary sector

Turns raw materials into goods; petroleum to gas, metal into cars; grows quickly with industrialization

Tertiary sector

Service industry; construction, government, trade; dominates post-industrial societies

Post-industrial society

Countries where most people aren’t in industry

Quaternary sector

Subset of tertiary sector, jobs involving research/development, management/administration, processing/disseminating information

Agriculture

Growing crops/raising animals to produce resources

Neolithic (first agricultural) revolution

People stopped wandering, formed permanent settlements, because of development of agriculture

Agricultural hearth

Places that independently developed agriculture and spread it to people around them

Changes of the neolithic revolution

Increase in reliable food supplies, rapid increase in population, job specialization, patriarchy, distinction between settled and nomads

Vegetative planting

New plants created from direct cloning of live plants, cutting stems and dividing roots

Seed agriculture

Growing plants by planting seeds

Irrigation

Channeling water to fields

Columbian exchange

started in late 1600s-1700s, food products carried across oceans

Second agricultural revolution

Inventions created more yields per acre and farmer

Enclosure

Rich landowners fencing and claiming ‘common’ land to experiment with new techniques.

Migration selectivity (note important factors)

The tendency for certain types of people to move, making them more likely than other people in the same area.

Age - young people, 18-30

Education - People with higher levels of education

Kinship/family ties - People who have relatives/friends who’ve migrated[

Activity space

Summarize factors affecting short-term circulation and activity space

Space-Time Prism

Circulation

The short-term, repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis.

Going from home to work or school.

Migration

A permanent move to new location, within a country or between countries.

Spatial interaction

Broad geographical term for the movement of people, ideas, and commodities within and between areas, circulation and migration.

Demographic equation

Summarizes population change over time in an area by combining NIR and net migration.

Net migration

Difference between emigration and immigration.

Emigration

Migration from a location

Immigration

Migration to a location

Internal (intranational) migration

Migration within the borders of a country

Distance decay

The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.

Step migration

Long-distance migration done in stages.

Moving from rural area to small town, then later from small town to city.

Intervening opportunity

Many who set out to move long-distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations.

Gravity model

Spatial interaction, including migration, is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them.

A large city has greater gravitational pull than a small one, but it stills tends to pull people that live closer rather than farther away.

Critical distance

The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means will eventually prevent migration.

Summarize Ravenstein’s laws of migration (topic sentence of each bullet)

Majority of immigrants move only a short distance.

Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destinations, most leaving rural areas for urban ones.

Each migration flow produces a counterflow, producing low net migrations despite large amounts of movement.

Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults, most international migrants have been young men.

Push factor (economic, cultural, enviromental examples)

Encourages people to move from the region they live in

Ec - few jobs, C - involuntary migrations, fear of persecution, E - natural disasters/hurricanes, climate, disease

Pull factor (economic, cultural, enviromental examples)

Attracts people to a new region

Ec - jobs available, C - US’s democracy for early 1800s Germans who lost their bid to create a democracy, E - Rockies, seashores, dry climates for ppl with health problems

Intervening obstacle

Features that halt/slow migration.

Plains, mountains, deserts on Oregon trail. Governmental regulations for migrants.

Interregional migration

Migration between regions in the same country

Intraregional migration

Migrations within one region in the same country.

Forced migration

Involuntary

Voluntary migration

Migrant chooses to move

Out-migration

More people emigrate from them than immigrate to them.

In-migration

More people immigrate to them than emigrate from them.

Identify the largest flows of migration today

Asia to Europe, Asia to North America, South America to North America

Summarize major US immigration patterns

Initial settlement of colonies - 1m before independence, 1m before 1840, 650k slaves up to 1861.

Emigration from Europe - 1800s/early 1900s, among most significant migrations in recent centuries.

Refugee ( w/ examples)

Forced to flee, cross borders into other countries.

Displaced person (w/ examples)

Forced to flee, within the country.

Summarize immigration issues in Europe

Universalizing religion

Attempts to be global in its appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world.

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Ethnic religion

Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place (60% of world = universalizing, 24% = ethnic, 16% = none)

Monotheism

Belief in one god

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Religious diffusion

The movement of a religion outward from its hearth by missionaries, a diaspora, conquest, internet

Missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

Hierarchical religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Autonomous religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

Religious cultural landscape

Pilgrimage

Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

Examples of religious conflict

Summarize the natural hazards that affect population patterns

Climate (agriculture, unpredictable weather = death,), natural disasters, famine, disease

AIDS

Began in central Africa in late 1900s, spread around the world by 2000

Pandemic

Widespread epidemic

Restrictive population policies

Policies governments use to reduce NIR, tolerance of officially banned birth control, since the 1990s the UN + other international organizations have also taken an interest in controlling population growth

China’s population policies

1976 - Two-child campaign, gov. provided services like abortions to support.

1979 - one-child policy, incentives + fines (free procedures and fines)

1984 - policy relaxed in rural areas where child labor important

2002 - reinstated bc rural births not being reported

2015 - policy gone

India’s population policies

1950s - provided limited funds for family-planning clinics/programs, not effective

1960s - invested heavily in national program. Riots because of plan the force sterilization of anyone with over 3 kids.

Today - advertising/persuasion, network of clinics even in small villages

International population policies

conferences and laws recommended to control population growth, improve status of women.

Agricultural (neolithic) Revolution

The domestication of plants/animals, increased survival.

Doubling rate

The length of time needed to double the population,