AT Finals

Athletic Training 1 Finals

What does NATA mean?

the National Athletic Trainers Association

What is an Athletic Trainer?

A health care professional who supplies care to individuals involved in athletics and exercise

What education is needed to become an Athletic Trainer?

Minimum of a bachelor degree from CAATE for athletic training. There are other degrees and areas of degrees you can get after

Choking : what is it;

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what are the signs;

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what to do;

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special circumstances

When the airway becomes blocked by a foreign object;

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victim may be confused or surprised, person is unable to speak/cry/cough, making high pitched noises, some place hands on throat;

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give a combo of 5 back blows followed by abdominal thrusts;

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if they become unresponsive : lower to firm/flat surface, begin CPR, look for object when doing the breath do finger sweep if seen

patient is too large/pregnant : do chest thrusts

infants : 5 back blows then 5 chest thrusts, sit/kneel/stand, position on thigh

What are the emergency steps?

Check (for safety before entering scene), Call (911), Care (however the emergency implies)

SAM : Signs and Symptoms, Allergies, Medications and Medical conditions

Heat emergencies : types, signs and symptoms, causes, care

1\. heat cramps

(muscle spasms, caused by loss of fluids/electrolytes,

care: stop activities, supply drinks, massage areas of cramps)

2\. heat exhaustion

(fatigue, dehydration, heat cramps, possible fainting, elevated heart rate, caused by fluids being lost through sweating without replacements

care: move to cooler place, give drinks, loosen clothing, spray w cool water)

3\. heat stroke

(unresponsiveness, moist/pale/flushed skin, absence of sweating, seizures, when cooling system stops working

care: immerse person up to neck with cold water, cold shower, measure/monitor)

Cold emergencies: types, signs and symptoms, causes, care

hypothermia:

(body loses heat faster than producing, causes body temp to lower ;

care - give CPR if needed, raise body temp gradually, position near heat, wrap in layers, supply warm fluids)

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frostbite:

(freezing of skin/tissues

care - don’t break blisters, rewarm part by immersing in warm water, loosely bandage)

Poison exposure: S/S and care

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal skin color, abnormal sweating, abnormal breathing, fast/slow heart, unresponsiveness

care - call poison control, call 911, try and find more info about the poison, no drinks/food unless told to

Animal bites: care

venomous snakes - keep area lower than heart/still, pressure, pressure immobilized bandaging, check skin

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spiders - harmless: wash area, apply antibiotic ointment, apply cold pack harmful: apply cold pack, keep elevated/still

Sudden illness: care

give care consistent w condition, maintain body temp, treat for shock, monitor breathing, reassure, assist w meds

Heart attack: S/S and care

chest pain, isolated/unexplained discomfort/pain through arms/back/shoulders/stomach, dizziness/lightheaded, trouble w breathing, nausea/vomit, discolored skin, feeling of impending doom

care - have victim stop activities/rest, give aspirin, loosen clothing, reassure

opioid overdose: S/S and care

decreased breathing effort, cardiac arrest, gasping, gurgling, unresponsiveness, blue/gray colored skin

care - if needed begin CPR, use reversing meds

Shock: S/S and care

unusual heartbeat, rapid breathing, changes in consciousness, excessive thirst, pale/gray/cool/moist skin, nausea/vomit

care - lay flat on back, maintain temp, do not give foods/drinks, reassure, monitor

Sickle cell crisis/acute chest syndrome: S/S and care

pain that starts suddenly (usually arms, legs, hands, feet, stomach, chest, back), breathing struggles, lower O2 levels, possible fever, wheezing/coughing

care - encourage fluids, apply heat pad if needed, put in comfy position/rest

Important fact about PEDS sudden illnesses

high fevers + dehydration can become HUGE emergencies and issues

vomit, diarrhea, or both = S/S of dehydration

Wounds: types, life-threatening S/S, care

abrasion : something rubs roughly against skin (scrapes, rug burns, turf burns)

laceration : commonly caused by sharp objects (can go through layers of fat/muscle/tendon/nerve/blood vessel, major risk of infection)

avulsion : portion of skin/tissue is partially/completely torn away

puncture : object pierces skin (animal’s tooth, gunshot, nail, knife)

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S/S life-threatening : volume + flow of bleeding (blood = half of soda can; blood flowing/spurting)

care (in order) : apply direct pressure, pack with gauze, use tourniquet then bandage

What is PEDS Cardiac Chain of Survival?

1\. Prevention

(trauma, chocking, electrocution, drowning preventions)

2\. recognition of emergency

(sooner this happens = sooner help will arrive, call 911)

3\. early CPR

4\. PEDS advanced life support

(provided by EMS at scene + en route to hospital)

5\. integrated post-cardiac arrest care

(provided by hospital medical professions to stabilize, minimize complications, diagnose)

6\. recovery

(after discharge, continue rehabilitation, therapy, support)

Asthma and Allergic Reactions: S/S and care

Asthma : wheezing, coughing, trouble w breathing, sweating, fatigue, unable to talk without stopping between words, limited ability to walk/go upstairs, tightness in chest

care - use quick relief (meds, inhalers, nebulizers) and long-term control meds (prescriptions to control asthma)

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Allergic Reactions : swelling of face/neck/tongue/lips, trouble breathing, symptoms of shock, change in responsiveness

care - use epi-pen, act fast, give meds

What is anatomical positon?

body stands erect, eyes looking forward, palms of hands and feet facing forward, arms at sides

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

Frontal, lateral, and transverse planes

What are the meaning of the following terms:

medial, lateral, proximal, distal, inferior, superior, anterior, posterior

medial - toward midline

lateral - away from midline

proximal - nearest to…

distal - farthest from…

inferior - below…

superior - above…

anterior - toward front

posterior - toward back

What are the 2 body cavities? Which cavities are in them?

dorsal (cranial and vertebral) and ventral (pelvic, thoracic, abdominal)

What are the 3 types of joints? What is their status of movement?

synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), diarthroses (freely moveable)

Synarthroses joints : types, explanations, and examples

sutures (thin layer of dense/fibrous connective tissue unites bones of skull)

syndesmoses (bones are connected by ligaments; ex. fibula & tibia, ulna & radius)

gomphoses (conical process fits into a socket + held in place by ligaments; ex. tooth)

Amphiarthroses: explanation and examples

no specific types, bones are connected by hyaline/fibrocartilage, ex. ribs & sternum, joints between vertebrae

What are the types of Diarthroses joints, explanations, and examples?

Pivot (bone moves around central axis, ex. radius & ulna, C1 & C2)

Gliding (makes sliding motion, back/forth or side/side, ex. carpals & tarsals)

Hinge (allows extension + flexion, ex. phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals)

Ball + Socket (rounded end that fits into concave cavity/bones, provides widest range of movement possible, ex. hips & shoulders)

Saddle (2 bones both concave + convex regions, shapes of 2 bones complement each other, ex. thumb)

What are the 16 diarthroses movements? What are they?

Flexion (decreases angle between 2 bones) and Extension (increases angle between 2 bones),

Abduction (away from midline) and Adduction (toward midline),

Supination (radius and ulna anterior/superior, turning palm upwards) and Pronation (radius and ulna posterior, turning pal downwards),

Plantar flexion (extends foot, toes point down, bottom of foot) and Dorsiflexion (flexes foot, toes point up, top of foot),

Inversion (sole of foot toward midline) and Eversion (sole of foot from midline),

Protraction (anterior in transverse plane) and Retraction (superior in transverse plane),

Depression (inferior in frontal place),

Rotation (bone on axis, toward/away from body),

Opposition (thumb to touch each finger)

What is DOMS?

Delayed-onset muscle soreness, which is muscle pain that begins after you work out and it occurs 1-2 days after

What causes DOMS?

eccentric exercise such as running downhill + resistance training

How many bones are in the human body?

206 bones

How many bones are babies born with?

270 soft bones

What are the 2 main parts of the skeletal system? What do they include?

Axial (skull, spine, ribs, sternum) and Appendicular (everything else)

What are the differences between female and male bones?

male bones tend to be larger + heavier, the women’s pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth

What are the 4 types of bones? Where are they found?

Long bones (upper/lower arms and legs), flat bones (skull and ribs), irregular bones (spinal column) and short bones (wrist and ankle includes : mechanical levers and sesamoid bones aka patella)

What are the bony landmarks? What are the explanations and examples of them?

Body (largest, most prominent segment of bones; ex. shaft of bones)

Condyle (large prominence, often provides structural support, bears brunt of force; ex. knee joint, occipital condyle)

Epicondyle (prominence atop of condyle, attaches muscle + connective tissue to bone, ex. femoral medial and lateral epicondyle)

Fossa (shallow depression; ex. supraspinatus fossa)

Groove (furrow that runs along length of vessel/nerve; ex. radial groove of humerus)

Trochanter (large prominence on side of bone, most dense connective tissue, some of largest muscle groups; ex. greater + lesser trochanters of femur)

Tuberosity (moderate prominence where muscles + connective tissue attach, similar yo trochanter function; ex. tibial tuberosity)

Tubercle (small rounded prominence where connective tissue attach; ex. greater tubercle of humerus)

What are the 9 types of injuries to bones? Explanations?

Simple (can be incomplete or complete, is closed)

Compound (complete break where bone ends separate + break through skin, open)

Greenstick (occurs in children, incomplete break of shaft of bone)

Buckle (incomplete break when the axial is loading of a long bone)

Stress (small/incomplete break, results from overuse usually)

Avulsion (tendon + ligaments pull off piece of bone)

Epiphyseal Plate (break at the growth plate, typically ankle/wrist)

Comminuted (break where bone shatters in 3 or more pieces)

Torsion aka spiral fracture (rotating force is applied to axis of bone)

What are the 4 characteristics of muscles? Explanations?

contractibility (contract/shorten forcefully), extensibility (stretched), elasticity (return to original length), excitability (response to nerve stimuli)

What is a sprain? What is a strain? What’s the difference?

Sprain- stretching or tearing of ligaments

Strain - stretched or torn muscle or tendon

Difference - They involve 2 different aspects/areas (muscles/tendons vs ligaments)

What are the different grades of a sprain? What does each entail?

Grade 1 - MILD

(overstretching or slight tearing, no joint instability)

Grade 2 - MODERATE

(partial tearing, possible weight bearing issues, possible loss of function)

Grade 3 - COMPLETE TEAR OR RUPTURE

(pain, swelling, ecchymosis are all usually severe, non weight bearing R/O Fx)

What are some soft tissue injuries? What are they?

Sprains (overstretching or tearing of ligaments),

Tendonitis (tendons become irritated, normal smooth gliding motion is impaired, tendon becomes inflamed/movement is painful),

Bursitis (inflammation of a bursa),

Contusion (direct blow/blunt injury that does not break skin),

Laceration (wound that is produced by tearing of soft tissue),

abrasions, puncture wounds, hematomas

What is Acute vs Chronic?

Acute - quick onset, immediate

Chronic - prolonged, repetitive, long lasting

What are tendons? What are ligaments?

Tendons - fibrous, connective tissue that attaches BONE TO MUSCLE

Ligaments - fibrous, connective tissue that attaches BONE TO BONE

What is RICE?

Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate

When do you get stiches?

4cm+, on face, involves movement

What are the 2 types of muscle contractions? Explanations?

Concentric - shortening contraction

Eccentric - lengthening contraction

What are the bones in the elbow? Where are they?

humerus (upper arm), ulna (medial 5th metacarpal) and radius (lateral 1st metacarpal)

What are the boney landmarks in the elbow?

medial epicondyle on humerus, radial head , lateral epicondyle on humerus

What are the 3 main ligaments in the elbow?

annular, ulnar collateral (UCL), radial collateral (RCL)

What are the 5 muscles in the elbow?

brachialis, biceps brachii (2 heads), brachioradialis, triceps brachii (3 heads), anconeus

What are some injuries of the elbow?

olecranon bursitis and epicondylitis

What does each hand include?

29 bones, 29 joints, at least 123 ligaments, 34 muscles, 48 nerves, 30 named arteries

What are the bones in the wrist? How many of each?

ulna, radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges

total = 29 bones

What are the carpals? In order beginning at base of thumb moving medially?

The Tall Captains Help Passengers To Leave Ships

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate, Pisiform, Triquetrum, Lunate, Scaphoid

What is the structure of a phalange?

Distal phalange, distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), intermediate phalange, proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), proximal phalange, metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)

What are the 2 ligaments in the hand/wrist?

ulnar collateral carpal and radial collateral carpal

What are the wrist flexor muscles?

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

What are the wrist extensor muscles?

extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi longus

What are the thumb flexor muscles?

flexor pollicis longus and flexor pollicis brevis

What are the thumb extensor muscles?

extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

What is the thumb opposition?

oppens pollicis

What are the phalanges flexor muscles?

flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis

What are the phalange extensor muscles?

extensor digitorium

What are some wrist/hand injuries?

colles fracture, boxer’s fracture, mallet finger, bennett’s fracture, scaphoid fracture