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Who were the plebeians?

common people of Rome who had less power compared to the Patricians.

What was the Roman women's place in society?

in the power of their male kin but could own and inherit property. They were authoritative in the household and with children.

What was the Greek Phalanx?

A Roman military tactic that takes over all of Italy. This causes the need for more citizenry.

What was Roman's military secret power? And how did they gain this?

never ending manpower. They achieved this by taking in enemies to become citizens. This was a good tactic.

What does the Greek Phalanx get replaced with? Why?

It is replaced with the Maniple. It provided for protection on all sides of the troops as the Phalanx was weak on the sides and back.

Who partook in the Punic Wars?

Rome and Carthage

What was the First Punic War?

- fought over control of Sicily - control of the Mediterranean

- Rome did not have a navy but Carthage did so they quickly assembled a fleet

-Roman navy fought like an army in ships

What was the Second Punic War?

- Hannibal marches on Italy with war elephants - terrorizes Italy for seventeen years - Scipio Africanus the Elder takes the war

to Carthage and wins

What was the Third Punic War?

- fought for no reason other than Cato hated Carthage -Rome still felt threatened, so they invented a premise to attack and destroy Carthage

- Carthage is destroyed, ransacked (sown with salt) in Third Punic War.

What was the problems with the Plebeian class?

They struggled over debt and freedom.

Who was Tiberius Gracchus?

He passed the land reform bill to give the poor more land. He was clubbed to death by Senate (patricians who were unhappy with him).

Who was Sulla? What was his significance?

A patrician who made himself dictator and strips pleb power. He set the stage for Julius Caesar.

Who was Pompey the Great?

A son of a consul and was born in a family that owned the largest private estates in the Republic. He was a excellent general and one of Rome's most opportunistic men. Originally Sulla's supporter but switches sides and supports the Plebs since it benefits him.

Who was Julius Caesar and what did he do?

- Gaius Julius Caesar was a patrician who hailed from a family that claimed descent from Aeneas. (This is important as Aeneas is claimed to be a descendant of a god.)

- He publicly declared his allegiance to the plebians.

- exploited a number of lower political offices.

- Used money to create entertainment for the plebs (made them love him.)

- Proved his skill as a general in Spain.

What was the First Triumvirate

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

- Pompey married Caesar's daughter, Julia.

- Julia dies in childbirth

- Crassus died in war.

Pompey Vs. The Senate

- 67 B.C. - Plebeian Assembly votes to give Pompey the power to rid the Mediterranean of pirates.

- Pompey expands Roman territory through treaties; wants land for his veterans

- Senate delays Pompey's treaties and land request

Who was Cato?

- Marcus Porcius Cato most conservative Senator of his time

- wore black while other nobles wore purple

- makes Caesar choose between a triumph and the

consulship

Caesar vs. Senate

- Cato makes Caesar choose between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar stands for consulship this action loses him some favor with the plebs

- Joins forces with the displaced Pompey

- agrees to pass land reform acts that will benefit Pompey's veterans

How does the Plebeian Assembly help Caesar and Pompey's plans?

- 59 B.C. - Caesar and Pompey's acts of legislation are blocked by the Senate

- Caesar simply walks to the Plebeian Assembly and has them pass the legislation

What happens after Caesar's service as consul? (FIRST CROSSROAD)

- 58 B.C. - Caesar appointed provincial governor of Gaul

- Senators tried to send him to Southern Italy

- Cato believes Caesar can be prosecuted upon his return

- Caesar proceeds to conquer Gaul, sending commentaries of his deeds back to Rome

- Pompey continues to support Caesar at home

How did Caesar subdue Germania?

- Using intimidation as he and his soldiers built a bridge to march across.

- They were outnumbered but they sent the German troops running.

- This proved Rome (Julius Caesar) could go anywhere.

What was the second crossroad (turning point)?

- 52 B.C. - rioters burn the Senate

- Senators turn to Pompey and offer him a sole consulship in

exchange for quelling the civil unrest

- Pompey accepts and his legions march on Rome

- Pompey finally earns the approval of the Senators

How did the civil war in Rome turn out?

- 49 B.C. - Caesar crosses the Rubicon with his troops

- quickly takes much of Italy - through a policy of clemency

- Pompey and the Senators abandon Rome to raise a bigger army

- Caesar wins a bloody battle at Pharsalus

How did the era (Julius Caesar) end?

- Pompey flees to Egypt where he is murdered in 48 B.C.

- His head is removed as a trophy

- The Ides of March, 44 B.C.

- Caesar is stabbed twenty-three times on the Senate floor

Who is Octavian?

- Gaius Octavius Thurinus

- great-nephew of Julius Caesar

- Caesar's adopted son

- begins calling himself "Augustus" (sacred)

How did Octavian get revenge?

- Octavian joins forces with Caesar's tribune, Mark Antony

- their troops execute men who betrayed Caesar,

- including 300 senators at Philippi in Greece, Brutus and Cassius commit suicide

What was the Actium?

- Antony and Cleopatra's forces are routed in a decisive naval battle at Actium, Greece in 31 B.C

How did Augustus lead Rome?

- gives people the impression that the Republic has been restored

- stands for offices, like consul or tribune of the people

- continues to participate in Senate meetings

- wins over the people with elaborate celebrations

What reforms did Augustus make?

- creates police and fire departments

- installs a full-time, salaried military

- creates the Praetorian Guard

- upgrades many buildings

How does Augustus contribute to tradition?

- Augustus passes harsh social and moral legislation

- focuses on the "ancient" Roman values of chastity and

purity

- increases focus on Roman religious practices

commissions Virgil to write The Aeneid

What was the Pax Romana?

A time of peace and prosperity in Roman history

- 27 B.C. - 180 A.D.

no significant wars fought in the Roman world

- territory of Rome expands, primarily through diplomatic means

- Augustus recommends boundaries for Rome

What imperial problems contributed to the decline of Rome?

- unchecked expansion and war provocation (slaves)

- rise of the Praetorian Guard and military emperors

- constant civil war building, taxation, lack of

provincial government

What was happening to Rome during the 3rd Century A.D.?

total number of emperors \= 40

- the secession of lands to the East and West of Rome

- strengthened Persians (Sassanid Empire) to the East

- split of the empire into East and West by Diocletian in 284 A.D.

How did the Empire work with two emperors?

- Two Emperors, One Empire

- two Augusti (ruler), two Caesars (in line)

- system of succession

- called the tetrarchy

- increased number of usurpers

What was Rome's relation with Christianity?

- At first, Romans found Christianity weird and different (they worshipped God and not the Emperor) they hated and persecuted Christians.

- Constantine and Licinius were brothers-in-laws.