Topic 3: Sustainable Tourism Development

What is sustainable tourism development?

1. Sustainable tourism development in the tourism industry is achieved when sustainability principles are applied to: 

   1. Economic, social and environmental aspects of tourism development. 

2. The three dimensions need to be balanced to guarantee tourism's long-term sustainability. 

3. An overfocus on one dimension may lead to other dimensions being overlooked.

How can tourism development ensure economic sustainability? 

1. Continually providing economic employment opportunities and income growth. 

2. Resulting in more social services that raise standards of living among locals.

How can tourism development ensure economic sustainability in terms of continual provision of employment opportunities and income growth? 

1. Continual provision provided by the industry needs to ensure that locals have stable employment and source of income. 

2. Skills training should be offered to 

   1. Ensure career progression and income growth for locals in the long term. 

   2. Provide locals who are seasonally employed with a greater variety of skills, enabling them to find employment during the off-peak season. 

   3. This ensures a stable employment and income, leading to economic sustainability of employment opportunities and income growth. 

How can tourism development ensure economic sustainability in terms of increased provision of social services that raise standards of living amongst locals? 

1. Increased provision of social services that raise standards of living amongst locals. 

2. Tourism revenue can be used to build schools or clinics for the local communities in tourist destination regions. 

3. This enables local communities, particularly the disadvantaged, to receive healthcare and education opportunities, raising their standards of living. 

4. With more education opportunities, local communities can seek better employment and income. 

5. This increases the standard of living and ensures economic sustainability. 

How can tourism ensure social sustainability? 

1. Respecting the authenticity of local communities, practices and art forms. 

2. Contributing to intercultural understanding and tolerance.

How can tourism ensure social sustainability in terms of respecting the authenticity of local communities, practices and art forms?

1. Respect authenticity of local communities, practices and art forms.

2. When the authenticity of traditional practices and art forms are respected, they continue to be meaningful and significant for local communities and tourists. 

   1. This leads to continued practice and preservation by locals, ensuring social sustainability. 

3. When they are disrespected, conflicts may occur between locals and tourists, which may discourage tourism. 

   1. Visitor attractions should be sensitively developed to showcase authentic local culture. 

   2. Tourists may also be advised by tour guides on how they may be respectful when interacting with locals and learning about the local cultures. 

How can tourism ensure social sustainability in terms of contributing to intercultural understanding and tolerance?

1. Contribute to intercultural understanding and tolerance. 

2. Exchanges between tourists and locals should enhance understanding, tolerance and a better appreciation towards each other's culture.

   1. This enables local cultures to be meaningful for tourists and locals, leading to the continued practice and preservation of culture, ensuring social sustainability. 

3. A positive experience between tourists and locals will ensure the continuity of such exchanges and may attract more tourists to come. 

4. Negative experiences may lead to conflicts between the tourists and locals, which may discourage tourism. 

How can tourism development ensure environmental sustainability? 

1. Maintaining essential ecological processes. 

2. Conserving natural heritage and protecting biodiversity. 

How can tourism development ensure environmental sustainability in terms of maintaining essential ecological processes? 

1. Maintain essential ecological processes. 

2. Ecological processes refer to the biological, physical, chemical processes that sustain ecological systems. 

3. They are crucial in providing ecosystem services, such as the supply of natural resources and regulating water and air quality.

4. Strong ecological processes ensure that the environment is able to thrive, ensuring that the present and future demands of people can be met. 

5. This ensures environmental sustainability. 

   1. Stakeholders in tourist destination regions can work together to minimize deforestation. 

   2. This partnership helps to maintain ecological processes such as transpiration and photosynthesis. 

   3. This ensures ecosystem services such as the supply of water and food are maintained and contributes to environmental sustainability. 

How can tourism development ensure environmental sustainability in terms of conserving natural heritage and biodiversity?

1. Conserve natural heritage and biodiversity. 

2. One way in which natural heritage sites are conserved involves the establishment of national parks in the area. 

How do stakeholders influence sustainable tourism development? 

1. To ensure sustainable tourism development, stakeholders such as governments, international organisations, business, local communities and tourists need to work together. 

2. They need to have a common understanding of what sustainable tourism development is and how it can be measured. 

3. All stakeholders should have a say, and a consensus should be reached on how tourism should be developed. 

How can governments influence sustainable tourism development?

1. Establishing policies and creating plans.

2. Enforcing regulations.

How can governments influence sustainable tourism development in terms of establishing policies and creating plans? 

1. Establishing policies and creating plans. 

2. Governments can set up policies or plans that stakeholders may be required to adhere to. 

3. These can help ensure minimal damage to the environment while maximizing benefits to locals, e.g. channeling tourism revenue to set up and expand national parks and provide social services to locals. 

4. For example, in Sentosa, Singapore, the authorities bring together different stakeholders to develop a series of plans to enable the island to become more sustainable. 

5. These plans include conserving Sentosa's rich heritage, protecting the island's biodiversity, and achieving carbon-neutral status by 2030.

How can governments influence sustainable tourism development in terms of enforcing regulations? 

1. Enforcing regulations

2. Governments play a key role in enforcing regulations to ensure sustainable tourism developments. 

3. These include enforcing regulations on the type of tourism activity and the number of tourists who can enter. 

4. Enforcing regulations is critical to ensure that the policies and plans are adhered to.

5. For example, in Bhutan, tourists can only enter the country by organising their trip with licensed tour operators. They are tasked with ensuring tourists adhere to laws and regulations to minimise the negative impacts of tourism, such as ensuring tourists only check on designated trips. 

What may the effectiveness of governments in achieving sustainable tourism development be limited by? 

1. Poor enforcement

2. The decision to prioritise economic development.

What may the effectiveness of governments in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of poor enforcement be limited by? 

1. In order for regulations to be effective, active enforcement is required. 

2. Governments which lack resources or political influence or face corruption, may not be able to ensure their regulations are adhered to. 

3. This might hinder sustainable tourism development. 

What may the effectiveness of governments in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of the decision to prioritise economic development be limited by? 

1. Some governments put economic development first, and may neglect the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability.

2. This might hinder sustainable tourism development. 

3. For example, every year, Mount Everest receives hundreds of tourists who wish to scale up the mountain, but poor enforcement of waste disposal leads to the mountain becoming increasingly polluted. 

4. Tighter regulations have not been imposed by the Nepali authorities. 

5. If tighter regulations were imposed by the Nepali authorities, the flow of tourists might be reduced, affecting the revenue received.

How can international organisations influence sustainable tourism development?

1. International organisms consist of governmental (IGOs) and non-governmental organisations (INGOs). 

2. They often have the knowledge, financial and technical expertise to provide assistance, and can influence sustainable tourism development by: 

   1. Offering consultancy to countries on how sustainable tourism development can be achieved. 

   2. Providing financial assistance to different stakeholders. 

   3. Raising public awareness on how they can contribute to sustainable tourism development. 

What is an example of an international organisation influencing the sustainable tourism development.

1. In handicraft villages in Ha Tay Province, Vietnam, the United Nations World Tourism Organisation, an IGO, provided the following support: 

2. Consultancy and technical assistance: A marketing plan was developed with the villagers to encourage independent travelers and tour operators to visit the villages. Locals received handicraft skills training for them to create handicrafts to be sold to tourists.

3. Financial assistance: Financial aid is given to carry out small-scale infrastructure improvements, such as a public toilet and a village information block, to support tourism development. 

What is the people protecting places programme? 

1. UNESCO has introduced the People Protecting Places programme, which provides information for travelers on how to protect UNESCO World Heritage Sites as tourists. 

2. Wadi al-Hitan in Egypt saw a large number of tourist arrivals, which threatened the safety of highly dedicated fossil remains. 

3. With the help of UNESCO, visitors were informed to stay off footpaths while walking to key sites. 

4. This helped to preserve the integrity and the natural beauty of Wadi al-Hitan. 

What may the effectiveness of international organisations in achieving sustainable tourism development be limited by? 

1. Lack of understanding of local contexts.

2. Lack of funding.

What may the effectiveness of international organisations in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of the lack of understanding of local contexts be limited by? 

1. International organisations may comprise members from various countries and backgrounds. 

2. They may have different perspectives regarding an issue and may not understand the local context of places they work with. 

3. Locals may not support their actions in doing sustainable tourism development. 

What may the effectiveness of international organisations in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of the lack of funding be limited by? 

1. Many international organisations tend to be nonprofit. It may be challenging when it comes to choosing projects to provide financial assistance for funding. 

2. Without funding,  some plans may not be able to be implemented hindering sustainable tourism development. 

How can businesses influence sustainable tourism development? 

1. Businesses have an incentive to pursue sustainable tourism, as it can keep them profitable. E.g., by protecting the environment, businesses can ensure that tourists will return, allowing businesses to thrive. 

2. They often have the financial resources to influence sustainable tourism development. 

3. Businesses can influence sustainable tourism development by:

   1. Seeking advice from other stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism practices

   2. Participating in decision-making for sustainable tourism development

Give an example of business influencing sustainable tourism development. 

1. Quicksilver Cruises in Australia specialises in tours of the Great Barrier Reef. 

2. It works with the planning authorities to promote ecotourism, a research team of marine biologists to observe and monitor the marine ecosystem which helps the planning authorities in managing the Great Barrier Reef.

What may the effectiveness of businesses in achieving sustainable tourism development be limited by? 

1. Compromising sustainable practices to survive. 

2. Differing understanding and ways of measuring sustainability. 

What may the effectiveness of businesses in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of sustaining sustainable practices to survive be limited by? 

Ultimately, businesses may prioritise profits above sustainability, which can hinder sustainable tourism development by, for instance, polluting the environment or exploiting resources. 

What may the effectiveness of businesses in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of differing understanding and ways of measuring sustainability be limited by?  

1. Different businesses may have a different understanding of sustainability and how to measure it. 

2. Businesses may end up greenwashing, marketing themselves as sustainable when their practices may not be so. 

How can locals influence sustainable tourism development? 

1. Seeking advice from other stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism practices. 

2. Participating in decision-making for sustainable tourism developments. 

How can locals influence sustainable tourism development in terms of seeking advice from other stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism practices?

1. Seeking advice from other stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism practices.

2. Locals may not have the necessary knowledge and experiences which other stakeholders such as governments, businesses, and international organisations have to pursue sustainable tourism. 

3. By seeking advice from these stakeholders, locals can adopt sustainable tourism practices that have already been tried and tested. 

4. These will help to protect the environment and ensure that sustainable tourism can continue to grow and thrive. 

5. For example, in Singapore, locals can seek guidance from the National Environment Agency to pursue sustainable tourism practices such as waste management and recycling when hosting international events, meetings, and conventions. 

How can locals influence sustainable tourism development in terms of participating in decision making?

1. Having local knowledge, the involvement of locals in decision-making is critical. They can suggest ways to minimise the harmful impacts of tourism, such as protecting the flora and fauna in their local community. 

2. This can be done through community-based tourism, which prioritises the participation of the local community and ensures that the benefits gained from tourism stay with the local community. 

What may the effectiveness of locals in achieving sustainable tourism development be limited by? 

1. Lack of financial or technical assistance. 

2. Prioritising economic benefits over sustainability. 

What may the effectiveness of locals in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of lack of financial or technical assistance be limited by? 

1. Lack of financial or technical assistance. 

2. Some locals may not have the information on how to apply for financial or technical assistance, and therefore lack sufficient resources to carry out plans for sustainable tourism development. 

What may the effectiveness of locals in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of prioritising economic benefits over sustainability be limited by?

1. Prioritising economic benefits over sustainability. 

2. Some locals may pursue tourism practices that may not be sustainable as long as it brings in high income to support themselves and their families. 

How can tourists influence sustainable tourism development? 

1. Developing a genuine interest in a tourist destination and seeking to enhance its environment, culture and economy. 

2. Interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel.

How can tourists influence sustainable tourism development in terms of developing a genuine interest in a tourist destination and seeking to enhance its environment, culture and economy? 

1. Developing a genuine interest in a tourist destination and seeking to enhance its environment, culture and economy. 

2. Tourists can choose tours or services which prioritise sustainable tourism or channel their revenue towards environmental conservation efforts. 

   1. At the Tiger Tops Elephant Camp in Nepal, an ethical elephant camp, elephants can walk around freely in the jungle with no routine imposed on them. This allows tourists to observe the elephants interacting in their natural state. The revenue generated by tourism is used for the conservation and upkeep of animals in the region, such as tigers and elephants. It can also be useful to invest in the education of local students. 

3. Tourists can also get involved in environmental conservation or community projects that benefit the tourist destination.

   1. At the Sea Turtle Volunteering Conservation Program in Costa Rica, tourists can help care for injured sea turtles and patrol the beaches for sea turtles and their nests to protect them from poachers. 

How can tourists influence sustainable tourism development in terms of interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel?

1. Interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel.

2. Tourists can read up on the local practices and cultures and be mindful of their attire or behavior when traveling as a way to show respect to the local customs and cultures. 

   1. For example, in Bali, Indonesia, tourists should be aware that they have to dress modestly when visiting religious sites. 

   2. They can look after the environment when traveling, such as not littering or vandalizing the areas they visit. 

What may the effectiveness of tourists in achieving sustainable tourism development be limited by? 

1. Some sustainable tourism options may be out of their budget. 

2. Lack of clear information. 

What may the effectiveness of tourists in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of some sustainable tourism options that may be out of their budget be limited by? 

1. Some sustainable tourist zone options may be out of their budgets. Some sustainable options may be more expensive due to the costs required to ensure that the tourism and experiences are sustainable, such as fees to conserve the environment. 

2. Tourists may not be keen to pay those fees. 

What may the effectiveness of tourists in achieving sustainable tourism development in terms of lack of clear information be limited by? 

1. There are varied understandings of sustainable tourism and the ways of measuring it. 

2. Tourists may be confused about whether the tourist businesses they engage with or their tourist practices are truly sustainable. 

How are stakeholders having different understandings and measurements of sustainable tourism development a challenge?

1. Understanding and measurement of sustainability vary from place to place, as well as among us, as well as amongst stakeholders themselves. 

2. This can lead to a conflict of ideas between stakeholders, which may make coming to a consensus on sustainable tourism development very difficult.

How are stakeholders having differing amounts of control over resources a challenge?

1. Stakeholders may have varying degrees of power and influence. 

2. Those with more power and control over resources might have more say over the final decision made, which may override the perspectives of other stakeholders in the realm of sustainable tourism development. 

How are stakeholders having different priorities making negotiation challenging a challenge? 

1. Stakeholders often have different priorities. These can make negotiations among them challenging. 

2. For example, locals may want to limit the number of tourists in their neighborhood to minimise congestion, but governments may oppose this as it might reduce tourism revenue. 

3. Ultimately, there could be economic, social, and/or environmental trade-offs that stakeholders may have to compromise and accept. 

Give an example of cooperation between stakeholders being a challenge. 

1. The Isles of Man, United Kingdom, used to be a popular tourist destination but from the 1960s onwards it began to decline. 

2. Conflicts between planners, businesses, and locals have made it difficult to revive the island. 

3. To boost tourism numbers, planners were keen to capitalise on the rugged landscapes as a motorcycle racing destination to boost tourism numbers. 

4. However, locals are against motorcycle racing as it could potentially damage the environment. 

5. They felt that their views were not considered seriously by the planners. 

6. This poor negotiation process source-led to greater miscommunication and mistrust, which hindered social sustainable tourism development.

What is ecotourism? 

1. Ecotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that often takes place in natural areas which are scenic and allows for tourists to experience nature.

2. It aims to conserve the natural environment while benefiting the local community, thus ensuring environmental, economic and social sustainability. 

3. Ecotourism often involves many stakeholders depending on the projects undertaken.

How does the ecotourism strategy educating and increasing tourists’ appreciation of nature achieve the aims of ecotourism?

Educate and increase tourists’ appreciation of nature to: 

1. Tours take place within natural areas for tourists’ to experience and interact with nature.

2. This increases tourists’ knowledge and appreciation of nature, which encourages tourists to take action to conserve and minimise damage to the environment.

How does the ecotourism strategy putting in place measures to minimise the negative impacts on the environment achieve the aims of ecotourism?

Put in palace measures to minimise the negative impacts on the environment to: 

1. Tourism revenue is channeled into the conservation of the natural environment such as by hiring local park rangers. 

2. Park rangers ensure laws set up to protect the environment are adhered to. 

3. Damage to the environment is minimised, ensuring environmental sustainability. 

What is an example of ecotourism?

1. The Galapagos Islands in Ecuador attract many tourists for their unique flora and fauna. 

2. To conserve this unique biodiversity, 97% of the island's total area was declared a national park with only 3% for humans to live on. 

3. Authorities implemented some rules and regulations to protect the environment, such as:

   1. Only a limited number of visitors is allowed in the park at any given day to minimize disturbance to the wildlife.

   2. Tourists are required to pay an entrance fee of USD100 when visiting the park, and the revenue earned is used to fund conservation projects.

   3. Tourists are not allowed to explore the island on their own. A guide who educates tourists is required at each site.

4. Locals are also involved in the ecotourism industry by offering day tours and homestays to small groups of tourists. 

What characteristics are there of hard ecotourism? 

1. Stronger commitment to environmental conservation. 

2. Smaller number of tourists.

3. Few to no services provided (e.g. accommodation and food) 

4. Hence, the experience is physically more challenging.

5. Supplied by specialist tour operators in the form of niche travel of tourists making their own travel arrangements.

Give an example of hard ecotourism.

1. A study found that hard ecotourists in the galapagos islands have a higher preference for challenging activities such as camping and hiking.

2. Often, they plan their own tour schedule with an accompanying guide. 

3. Their accommodation includes staying in locals’ homes.

What characteristics are there of soft ecotourism? 

1. Moderate commitment to environmental conservation.

2. Larger number of tourists. 

3. Services are often provided. Hence, the experience is physically more comfortable. 

4. Supplied by mass-market tour operators.

Give an example of soft ecotourism.

1. Soft ecotourists in the Galapagos islands have a higher preference for less challenging activities such as guided trail walks. 

2. Many often rely on travel agencies to plan their entire tour schedule.

3. Many prefer to stay in high-quality accommodation including yachts and cruises.

What are the limitations of ecotourism?

1. Uncertainty over the continuity of efforts in the conserving nature.

2. Uncertainty over involving local communities.

What are the limitations of ecotourism in terms of uncertainty over the continuity of efforts in conserving nature.

1. Eco-tourism does not work when ecotours are overwhelmingly popular with tourists. 

2. The presence of many tourists interacting with nature may destroy the very environment they seek to protect. 

3. There may be a strong desire to earn profits from ecotourism which may lead to some aims of ecotourism being compromised and nature may not be conserved. 

4. For example, in the Galapagos Islands where ecotourism is practised, the large increase in the number of tourists has resulted in erosion along some shores and also caused disturbance toward life and plants. Oil spills from many boats have resulted in serious water pollution. 

What are the limitations of ecotourism in terms of uncertainty over involving local communities?

1. Demand for manpower to meet the needs of tourists may cause some tourism-related businesses to hire non-locals. 

2. This is especially so when locals are not sufficiently equipped with the skills and knowledge required, and authorities or businesses do not put in place measures to train locals. 

3. Hence, the benefits to local communities are not maximised. 

4. For example, in Kufri India, it was found that economic leakages occur when locals do not have the necessary skills, resulting in jobs going to non-locals.

What is community-based tourism?

1. Community-based tourism (CBT) is a type of innovative, small-scale tourism experience that is managed by local communities. 

2. This includes homestays and agricultural tourism.

3. It aims to maximise local communities’ involvement in tourism and the benefits to them, ensuring economic and social sustainability.

How does the CBT strategy encourage the local community to practice in decision-making on tourism development in the community achieving the aims of CBT?

Encourage the local community to participate in decision-making on tourism development in their country to:

1. Local communities have greater knowledge of the economic, social, and environmental needs. 

2. Hence, their decisions can help to ensure these needs are met in a sustainable way. 

3. For example, local communities can suggest cultural and nature-based experiences that can be developed without disrespecting the heritage and damaging the local environment. 

4. This ensures that locals continue to support and be involved in the tourism industry, and the environment continues to attract tourists, ensuring sustainable tourism developments. 

How does the CBT strategy putting in place measures to increase economic and social benefits to local communities achieving the aims of CBT? (Economic benefits)

Economic benefits: 

1. Locals are encouraged to innovate, set up businesses (e.g. restaurants) and offer tourism experiences (e.g. homestays) to cater to the needs of tourists. These businesses and tourism experiences provide employment to locals, minimise leakages and benefit locals economically.

2. In agriculture tourism, tourists visit local farms to purchase local produce and to participate in activities for education and enjoyment purposes, such as farming using local techniques. As such, local farmers benefit economically from higher income generated.

3. As locals continue to support and be involved in the tourism industry, sustainable tourism development is ensured.

How does the CBT strategy putting in place measures to increase economic and social benefits to local communities achieving the aims of CBT? (Social benefits)

Social benefits: 

1. Revenue generated from tourism can be directed to community projects, such as funding schools and clinics. 

2. This improves the social well-being of a local community as they receive better education and healthcare. 

How does the CBT strategy educate and increase tourists’ appreciation of local cultures and protection of the environment achieving the aims of CBT?

1. Educating and increasing tourists' appreciation of local cultures and protection of the environment to: 

   1. Promote interactions between locals and tourists to develop respect for local cultures and the people and the environments.

   2. For example, through traditional homestays in the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary, tourists can live with a local host family and participate in daily activities related to local cultures and traditions. 

   3. This helps them appreciate the local cultures and environment more, which motivates locals to preserve their heritage in the environment. This ensures cultural and environmental society sustainability.

What are the limitations of CBT?

1. Loss of culture

2. Competition with large-scale tourism developments.

What are the limitations of CBT in terms of loss of culture?

1. Without sufficient measures when local communities offer tourism experiences out of their culture, it may result in commodification, resulting in the loss of authenticity of their cultures. 

2. For example, in CBT projects in Kyrgyzstan, the commodification of local traditions to suit tourist preferences has been observed. 

3. Traditional yurts have been modified, such as the inclusion of beds and model furniture. This is meant to increase tourist comfort and meet the standards that they expect. 

What are the limitations of CBT in terms of competition with large-scale tourism developments? 

1. Often, local communities lack some of the necessary skills and finances to further develop the local tourism industry. 

2. Many face difficulties in communicating with tourists and are ill-equipped to undertake marketing campaigns in order to compete with other tourism developments, especially the large-scale ones. 

3. They may lack the finances to start new tourism experiences or tourism-related businesses. 

4. Large-scale tourism developments, such as the hotel resorts, on the other hand, often have greater finances to undertake marketing campaigns (e.g. advertisements) and therefore attract more tourists. 

5. For example, the Thanh Ha Pottery Village in Vietnam has been successful in attracting tourists who are keen to learn more about local culture and pottery practices. However, it faces competition from other more established pottery villages in central Vietnam in attracting tourists, especially because they do not have enough highly skilled pottery artisans. 

What is pro-poor tourism? 

1. Pro-poor tourism (PPT) is an approacnh to tourims developemnt that foucses on improving the livelihoods of the poor though training nand access to mirco-fiance.

2. It aims at generating net benefits (economic, social and environmental) and improving the livelihoods and well-being of the poor.

3. Any type of tourism such as CBT and ecotourism can be classified as PPT, as long as they focus on improving the livelihoods of the poor and reducing poverty.

4. If an ecotourism project puts in place measures to target poverty, and generate benefits for the poor, then it can be classified as PPT.

How does PPT strategy training achieve the aims of PPT?

1. With training provided, locals will be able to use or will be able to learn new skills which they can use then to gain employment in the tourism sector. 

2. For instance, locals can learn how to bring tourists around or how to manage a tourism business. 

How does PPT strategy increasing access to mirco-fiances achieve the aims of PPT?

1. Access to microfinance enables the poor to set up businesses, such as homestays and restaurants. Thereby benefiting economically from tourism. 

2. Communication materials may be designed so that locals are able to understand how they can go about applying for microfinance. 

What is an example of PPT?

1. Pro-poor tourism can be found in the villages around China's Three Pailong Rivers Region, a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site. 

2. Tourists are attracted to enjoy the scenic views offered by the mountains and rivers, as well as to experience village life. 

3. With the financial assistance offered by the authorities, many villages have set up tourism businesses such as homestays and restaurants.

4. Some put up cultural performances for tourists.

5. As a result, the local community has experienced an increase in income and standard of living. 

What are the limitations of PPT?

1. The inability to significantly reduce poverty as compared to direct investment in social services. 

2. The economic benefits may be highly unevenly distributed with most of the benefits being channeled to non-poor locals. 

What are the limitations of PPT in terms of the inability to significantly reduce poverty as compared to direct investment in social services? 

1. The inability to significantly reduce poverty as compared to direct investment in social services.

2. It may be difficult to channel benefits to the poor as compared to if there was some direct investment in social services. 

3. The poor may be reluctant to participate in PPT, or may lack the skills, finances, and knowledge to establish and sustain their businesses. 

Give an example on the limitations of PPT in terms of the inability to significantly reduce poverty as compared to direct investment in social services. 

1. In the Tourism Destination Village of Aba, Iran, PPT has not resulted in significant economic benefits for the poorest locals.

2. Many lack the self-confidence to undergo training provided by the authorities. 

3. Some of the training classes require the participants to pay a small fee, and many of them refrain from paying as they do not see a bright future for themselves in that industry.

4. Hence, many continue to lack the necessary skills to participate in the tourism industry, resulting in low participation among the poor. 

5. In contrast, the non-poor locals are dominating the training and employment in the local tourism industry. 

What are the limitations of PPT in terms of the economic benefits being highly unevenly distributed with most of the benefits being channeled to non-poor locals? 

1. These economic benefits may be highly unevenly distributed, with most of the benefits being channeled to non-poor locals. 

2. These non-poor locals may have greater access to microfinancing or financial grants used to support the local tourism industry as they are seen to be more reliable by banks, donors, and authorities. 

3. Hence, the non-poor become wealthier, while the poor benefit marginally, widening the income gap between the poor and non-poor. 

4. Hence, the benefits of PPT may not be substantial enough to significantly improve the lives of the poor. 

5. This might be more effective if authorities and NGOs choose to prioritise directly providing social services, such as education and healthcare. 

How might tourism continue to develop sustainability?

Sustainable tourism development may continue when there is:

1. Sustainable tourism production

2. Sustainable tourism consumption

3. Equitable distribution of tourism benefits

What is sustainable tourism production?

1. The demands on ecosystem services do not exceed the supply of resources. 

2. Different stakeholders adopt a long-term, responsible, and coordinated approach instead of prioritising short-term profits. 

What is sustainable tourism production in terms of the demands on ecosystem services not exceeding the supply of resources?

1. Demands on ecosystem services do not exceed the supply of resources. 

2. Tourism is heavily dependent on ecosystem services. 

3. To ensure sustainable tourism development, the demands on ecosystem services should not exceed the supply of resources available. 

4. Otherwise, the ecosystem services will be negatively affected, affecting the tourism industry. 

Give an example of sustainable tourism production in terms of the demands on ecosystem services not exceeding the supply of resources.

1. In Bali, Indonesia, many hotels and resorts were developed and they use a lot of water. In the long run, water supply may be depleted, negatively impacting the tourism industry and rice farming which requires a lot of water. 

2. These farms are also tourist attractions and if affected, tourists may be less keen to visit Bali. 

3. Hence, this may hinder sustainable tourism development. 

What is sustainable tourism production in terms of different stakeholders adopting a long-term, responsible, and coordinated approach instead of prioritising short-term profits?

1. To ensure sustainable tourism development, stakeholders need to work together and adopt long-term approaches. 

2. If stakeholders ensure energy and water conservation, demands on ecosystem services will not exceed the supply of resources available. 

Give an example on sustainable tourism production in terms of different stakeholders adopting a long-term, responsible, and coordinated approach instead of prioritising short-term profits?

1. In Sentosa, Singapore, the authorities bring together different stakeholders comprising businesses, the authorities, and locals to develop a series of long-term plans to enable the island to become more sustainable and achieve carbon neutral status. 

2. The authorities are working together with businesses and locals to increase the use of locally sourced produce as well as adopting renewable energy solutions. 

What is sustainable tourism consumption?

1. Destination regions manage demand and rent tourism is consumed responsibly by tourists.

2. Policies give local communities primary attention while considering the needs of tourists. 

What is sustainable tourism consumption in terms of destination regions managing demand and rent tourism is consumed responsibly by tourists?

Destination regions manage demand and when tourism is consumed responsibly by tourists. 

How can tourists ensure that tourism is consumed sustainably?

1. Tourists can ensure that tourism is consumed sustainably by making responsible choices about where they visit and stay and the resources they use. 

2. Tourists can choose to stay in hotels that embrace sustainability. They can choose to purchase tour services from tour operators that have a low carbon footprint and prioritise local communities when employing staff. 

3. Tourists can make responsible decisions about their use of energy, water, and food.

4. For instance, they can choose to switch off the lights and air conditioning when they're not in the hotel room, and purchase locally sourced produce rather than imported ones. 

5. For example, the Inkaterra hotel chain in Peru is built with local materials. The company invests in environmental conservation and education efforts, and trains locals in hospitality and environmental care.

How should destination regions manage demand to ensure sustainable tourism consumption?

1. Destination regions should also manage demand. 

2. This can be done by controlling access to or limiting the number of tourists to the destination region. 

3. This can ensure that the carrying capacity of the destination region is not exceeded, and therefore damage to environment- environments is minimised. 

4. For example, Maya Bay, Thailand is very popular with tourists, which led to destruction of the coral reef ecosystem due to pollution from boat engines and trampling by tourists. In 2018, the beach was closed completely to allow it to recover. When it reopened in 2022 the environment had recovered, and corals were able to grow and thrive.

What is sustainable tourism consumption in terms of policies that give local communities primary attention while considering the needs of tourists?

1. Policies give local communities primary attention for considering the needs of tourists. 

2. Local communities seem to be involved in planning and implementing tourism policies. This enables tourism policies to address the needs of the local communities while balancing the need to meet the demands of tourists. 

3. This can be done by implementing rules and regulations to protect the needs and practices of local communities by enforcing a strict dress code for tourists when entering sacred places. 

4. The tourists will feel the need to learn more about other cultures while ensuring local customs are not disrespected. 

How can we achieve equitable distribution of tourism benefits?

1. Implementing effective tourism management to ensure the tourism benefits are enjoyed by all stakeholders.

2. Minimising negative trade-offs within or between economic, social and environmental dimensions. 

How can we achieve equitable distribution of tourism benefits in terms of implementing effective tourism management to ensure the tourism benefits are enjoyed by all stakeholders?

1. Implementing effective tourism management to ensure the tourism benefits are enjoyed by all stakeholders. 

2. Tourism development may not always benefit all the stakeholders involved. 

3. When tourism does not benefit one or a few stakeholders, it may lead to tensions resulting in these stakeholders not being supportive of future tourism policies and regulations. 

4. For example, while pro-poor tourism aims to reduce poverty and improve the livelihoods of the poor communities. It can be difficult to channel the benefits to the poor. This may widen the income gap between the poor and non-poor. 

5. Hence, implementation of effective tourism management is important to ensure the benefits of tourism are enjoyed by all stakeholders. 

How can we achieve equitable distribution of tourism benefits in terms of minimising negative trade-offs within or between economic, social and environmental dimensions? 

1. Minimising negative trade-offs within or between economic, social and environmental dimensions. 

2. Due to conflicting priorities and differing understandings of sustainability, negotiations between stakeholders on developing tourist sites may be challenging. 

3. For example, in Maya Bay, Thailand, locals and tourism businesses may have to accept the trade-off of a decrease in economic activity in exchange for a healthier environment brought about by the implementation of a quota on visitor numbers. 

4. Therefore, stakeholders may often have to compromise to minimise the negative impact and accept the economic, social, and/or environmental trade-offs.