ITC - Storage

1. Storage Medium

2. Storage Device

A storage system consists of: (provide 2)

Storage Medium

The hardware where data is stored

DVD Disc, Flash Memory Card

Examples of a Storage Medium

Storage Device

The hardware into which the storage medium is inserted

DVD Drive, Flash Memory Card Reader

Examples of a Storage Device

Storage Device

Can be internal, external, or remote

Storage Device

Are typically identified by letter

Nonvolatile

Storage media are ____________ and, therefore, is used for data to be saved for later use

Random Access

Also called Direct Access

Random Access

Allows data to be retrieved from any location on the storage medium

Random Access

Virtually all storage devices use

Sequential Access

Retrieval of data can occur only in the order in which it was physically stored on the storage medium

Magnetic Tape Drive

An example of a Sequential Access

File

Anything stored on a storage medium, such as a program, document, digital image, or song

Filename

A name given to a file by the user

Folder

A named place on a storage medium into which files can be stored

Logical File Representation

Individuals view a document stored as one complete unit in a particular folder on a particular drive

Physical File Representation

Computers access a particular document stored on a storage medium using its physical location or locations

1. Magnetic

2. Optical

3. Electrons

Types of Storage Technology

Magnetic

Conventional hard drives

Optical

Optical discs

Electrons

Flash memory media

Hard Drive

Stores most programs and data for a personal computer

Hard Drive

Can be internal or external

Hard Drive

Available with built-in encryption that limits access to only authorized users

Magnetic Hard Drive

Also called Hard Disk Drive

Magnetic Hard Drive

Contains particles on the metal disks inside the drive that are magnetized to represent the data’s 0s and 1s

1. Tracks

2. Sectors

3. Clusters

4. Cylinders

Hard Disk Organization

Tracks

Are concentric paths on the disk where data is recorded

Sectors

Are small pieces of a track

Clusters

Consist of one or more sectors

Clusters

Smallest addressable area of a disk

Cylinders

Are a collection of tracks located in the same location on a set of hard disk surfaces

Traditional Magnetic Hard Drive Technology

Longitudinal magnetic recording aligns magnetic particles on a hard disk horizontally, parallel to the hard disk’s surface

Newer Magnetic Hard Drive Technology

Perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) places bits upright and closer together to increase capacity and reliability

Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

What does PMR mean?

Newest Magnetic Hard Drive Technology

Shingled magnetic recording (SMR) squeezes more data onto disks by overlapping the data tracks on them like the shingles on a roof

Shingled Magnetic Recording

What does SMR mean?

Emerging Magnetic Hard Drive Technology

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) uses lasers to temporarily heat the surface of the hard disks when storing data in order to store more data

Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording

What does HAMR mean?

Between 16 GB to 128 GB

How many GB does a tablet often have?

Data Recovery Experts

Recover data from damaged storage devices

Data Recovery Experts

Used when devices are physically damaged or just stop working

Solid-State Drives

Uses flash memory technology to store data

Solid-State Drives

Uses less power and has no moving parts

Solid-State Drives

Much faster than magnetic hard drives, but more expensive

Solid-State Drives

The norm for netbooks, mobile devices, and other portable devices

Solid-State Hybrid Drives

Uses a combination of magnetic disks and flash memory chips

Solid-State Hybrid Drives

The data that is most directly associated with performance is stored in the flash memory

Solid-State Hybrid Drives

Nearly as fast as solid-state drives (SSDs)

Solid-State Hybrid Drives

Slightly more expensive than magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs)

Internal Hard Drives

Permanent storage devices located inside the system unit

Internal Hard Drives

Removed only if a problem develops

External Hard Drives

Transport large amounts of data from one computer to another, for backup, and for additional storage

Full-Sized External Hard Drives

Often used for backup

Portable External Hard Drives

Smaller and easier to transport

Disk Access Time

The total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or write data

Disk Cache

Consists of memory used in conjunction with a magnetic hard drive to improve system performance

Disk Cache

Typically consists of RAM-based disk cache located inside the hard drive case

Disk Cache

Can speed up performance and save battery life

Hard Drive Partitioning

Divides the physical capacity of a partitions

Partitions

A single drive logically into separate areas

Independent Hard Drive

Each partition functions as

Hard Drive File System

Determines the partition size, cluster size, maximum drive size, and maximum file size

Interface Standards

Determine how a drive connects to the computer

Serial ATA

Most common internal hard drive interface standard

Advanced Technology Attachment

What does ATA mean?

Small Computer System Interface

What does SCSI mean?

Optical Discs

Thin circular plastic discs

Optical Discs

Commonly used for software delivery

Optical Discs

Used for backup purposes and for storing and transporting music, photos, video, etc.

Read-Only Optical Disc

Surface of disc is molded or stamped to represent data

Recordable or Rewritable Disc

The reflectivity of the disc is changed using a laser beam to represent the data

Optical Drives

Optical discs are read by

Burning

Recording data onto a optical disc is called

Burning Software

Recording data onto a optical disc requires a

120-mm (4.7 inches)

Standard size of an Optical Disc

3 inches

Standard size of a Mini Disc

CD-ROM and DVD-ROM

Discs come prerecorded with software, music, movies, etc.

BD-ROM

A disc that comes prerecorded with movies

Ultra HD (4K)

Is the next big step in high-definition (HD) TVs and content

Flash Memory

A chip-based storage medium that represents data using electrons

Flash Memory

Used in a variety of storage systems

Embedded Flash Memory

Refers to flash memory chips embedded into products

Flash Memory Card

A small card containing one or more flash memory chips, a controller chip, and metal contacts to connect the card to the device or reader being used

General-Purpose Flash Memory Card

Appropriate for most applications

Specialized Flash Memory Card

Professional flash memory cards

Project Vault

A computer on a flash memory card

USB Flash Drives

Consist of flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plugs into and is powered by a USB port

Remote Storage

Refers to using a storage device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer

Network Storage

Using a storage device via a local network

Network Attached Storage

Devices are high performance storage systems connected individually to a network

Storage Area Network

Consist of separate network of hard drives or other storage devices that are attached to the main network

Cloud Storage

Accessed via the Internet

Smart Cards

A credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some computer circuitry

1. Processor

2. Memory

3. Storage

Components under Smart Cards: (provide 3)

RAID

Method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together to record redundant copies

Redundant Arrays of Independent Discs

What does RAID mean?

RAID 0

Disk striping

RAID 1

Disk mirroring