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Geneva Conference
held to talk abt the future of Vietnam after French surrender
-attended by NV (Vietminh rep), SV(Bao Dias), Cambodia, laos, Gb, ch, Fr, USSR, USA
Vietnam temp divide
N - communist led by ho chi minh
S - led under Ngh Dinh Diem
Laos + Cambodia independence
election after 2 years to decide who would unite it under 1 gov - never occurred
US attitude
Eisenhower in charge in 1953, with John Dulles as sec of state. Both anti-communist
USA didn’t agree with decisions of Geneva, helping SV with economic and military advisors, providing $3m between 1949-54
-1956 SV gov refused for the planned elections, with fear of communist victory, shows US, attempt to stop communist spread - used excuse of NV going to rig elections
Ngo Dinh Diem
anti-communist ruler of south - very unpopular due to corrupt gov, who had the support of the US + also nepotistic ( brother made pm)
-decided to eliminate South, believing all were Vietminh
-1962 Agroville Programme + Strategic Hamlets - idea to create fortified villages, that the Vietcong couldn’t enter moving peasants into “safe housing” - 4m ppl ,3000 hamlets
upset Buddhists due to relocating + changed villagers siding to Vietcong, due to being made to work here with corrupt officials that pocketed money
-further upset on 1963 - refusal to allow Buddhist flags to fly in Hue, tone of Diem led to protests being stopped by the military and self immolation of Thich Quang Duc
National Liberation front (NLF)
led by Nguyen Huu Tho
NLF - formed in the south to oppose Diem + unite Vietnam
Vietcong - fighting force of the south
used guerrilla tactics to fight civil war vs SV gov - having Ch, USSR, NV support
Vietminh - North Vietnamese communist movement
had a 10 point program in supporting the South
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
South Vietnam army
US Support
1961 - Kennedy president, who believed in the domino theory, so increased aid
strategy of flexible responses
-US Saigon military mission - 1960 - 1500 advisors + funding vs ARVN
1962 - 11,500 US troops
1963 - 16,000 troops
Diem assassination
NOV 1963 military coup by members of own arm
CIA knew of plans but didn’t intervene
led to 10 military govs in 2 years - didn’t establish control
Green Berets
-US saw civil war as a training opportunity, and didn’t take Vietcong seriousl
General Maxwell Taylor said - “lab of tactics”
-formed Green Berets army to train the ARVN against vietcong
initial Vietcong success
1964 - were 100,000 Vietcong guerrillas in the South + 40% control of rural land
China supplied efforts through Ho Chi Minh trail
-Kennedy aware of challenge, increasing American advisor support