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Trobador
Medieval singer/songwriter that wrote in the courtly love tradition.
Art song
A setting of a poem to music performed by one singer with accompaniment, often in a personal tone.
Classicism
The period when European artists copied the ancient traditions of Greece and Rome, typically from the 1740s to 1800s.
Courtly love
Unrequited love or devotion to someone who does not share the same devotion.
Common practice era
A familiar style of music recognized and understood, primarily from the classical and romanticism periods.
Chamber Music
Recreational music performed privately at home, popular among the aristocracy and bourgeoisis.
Salon
A gathering in a private home where women and scholars exchanged ideas, often occurring due to limited educational opportunities for women.
Harpsichord
A keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking strings.
Fortepiano
A keyboard instrument that strikes the strings with a hammer, considered an early form of the piano.
Symphony
A musical work for orchestra that generally includes strings, winds, brass instruments, and no voices.
String quartet
A music ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello.
Wind quartet
An ensemble made up of brass and woodwind instruments.
Romanticism
An artistic movement characterized by themes of magic, mysticism, and personal freedom, influencing the expression of courtly love in music.
Opera
A theatrical form of music combining singing, acting, and various performing arts, typically performed at an opera house.
Diegetic
Sounds that both the characters and the audience can hear.
Non-diegetic
Sounds that the characters cannot hear, used to communicate with the audience.
Underscoring
The use of music under dialogue to set the atmosphere or convey a theme.
Aaba form
A musical structure offering a balance between repetition and contrast, commonly found in various genres.
Minuet
A dance form from the 17th century that has influenced classical music, providing light contrasts to serious musical movements.
Participatory music
A type of music involving everyone actively participating, such as singing or dancing.
Presentational music
Music that creates a divide between performers and the audience, often seen in classical concerts.
Lute
A plucked string instrument popular in European music from the medieval to baroque periods.
Melody and Harmony
Melody refers to the tune, while harmony refers to the chords and overall pitch environment.
Texture
The way musical parts interact with each other, such as homophonic (same sound) or polyphonic (many sounds).
Dissonance
Tension created when two pitches conflict with each other.
Consonance
The harmonious sound created when pitches sound pleasing together.
Rhythm
The duration of notes or sounds in music.
Tempo
The speed at which music is played.
Meter
Organizational structure of rhythms into larger units.
Timbre
The quality of sound that distinguishes different instruments or voices.
Form
The organization of all musical elements, including repetition and variation.
In any society, how does musical style change over time?
(It’s shaped by changing political, intellectual, social, and economic forces.)
How did a composer’s career prospects evolve over the course of the Classical era?
public concerts and publishing increased, so composers depended less on patronage and the church
In the Romantic era, composers developed a new view of themselves and their compositions.
What was this view?
As inspired artists composing to fill an inner need for creativity and expression, not just to get paid.
How did composers of the early twentieth century reflect world events in their music?
By experimenting with new musical materials like atonality, polyrhythms, polychords, and electronic music. The person who wrote this question things that this reflected “extreme” social, political, and economic changes.)
What role does music play in a society?
Non-verbal communication of various sorts; advances the development of individuals and societies as well as expressing cultural identity; and it prompts physical, emotional, and behavioral responses in listeners.
Discuss three musical examples that demonstrate how music both reflected and shaped society in different historical periods. Be sure to include musical features of the example (what does the music sound like?) that connect it to a social norm or societal problem/
Institution.
In classicism, music shaped society by giving European women a chance to be more independent, have control over something, and give them an education through saloon’s. They were able to learn from different scholars and they influenced some of the musicians' work.An example of this would be “madame Briollion duet in C minor”. It was very popular for its unique timbre between the harpsichord and the piano. In romanticism, music expressed courtly love and that became very popular among society, and an example of this would be Josephina LangS song “In the far distance”. Modernism was an artistic, cultural, and literary movement from the late 19th to mid-20th century that rejected traditional forms and embraced innovation, experimentation, and abstraction to reflect the complexities of modern life. It sought to capture new realities through fragmented narratives, emotional depth, and a focus on individual perception in a rapidly changing world.
How has musical style changed over time? Give three specific examples (that we studied in
class) from different historical eras and discuss how the musical features of each example
demonstrate different uses of music and different aesthetic ideals.
In the digital era, 1900s to now, music style shifted from vinyls to Cds and players and consumers were attracted to the convenience and it changed the way consumers listen to their music. It also gives consumers the illusion of owning the music they listen to. Digital technology also made it easier to make a track sound “cleaner” by reverberation, eliminating perceived errors (breath, lipsmacks), and creating false acoustic spaces. This makes listeners accustomed to clear tracks that only exist in the virtual world. An example of the changes in music would be digital idol hatsune miku, which allowed other digital artists and performers to grow. In the modernism era, 1900 to 1990s, artists were trying to find unique ways to create music with different instruments. An example of this would be Jerry Goldsmith's Alien sequence that created an eerie, unsettling feeling and gave the audience a glimpse of what to expect from the film. The Middle ages 450 to 1450 involved early flutes and instruments not used today; this era expressed courtly love. An example of this would be Comtessa di dia “A chantar” that expresses yearning for a lover that doesn’t share your devotion.
How have different creators used music to enhance multi-media experiences? Choose three examples that demonstrate different techniques or philosophies in film, musicals, and/or video games, and discuss how the musical features (what the music sounds like) affect the experience of the consumer/viewer. (What does the music add or do, and how?) At least two of the examples must be works that we discussed in class this semester.
Different creators have used music to enhance multimedia experiences by creating “cleaner” tracks with less error, creating false acoustic spaces, and using reverbnation to make certain tunes stand out. An example of using digital technology would be Bjork’s biophilia album that had a “game-like” aesthetic and is a very good representation of avant garde. Another example would be how digital media can transcend time and space by creating live holographic concerts with deceased celebrities such as Tupac or Michael jackson. This could make the viewer very nostalgic. Another example would be Hatsume miku, a digital Japanese idol, but a cultural phenomenon, blending music, technology, and fandom in ways that have influenced pop culture, particularly in Japan, but globally as well. Her continued evolution as a virtual idol speaks to the growing possibilities of virtual performers and digital artists.
