Disorders and Treatment (5.4-5.5)

anxiety

An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it (fight or flight)

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress more days than not, which lasts 6 months or more

phobia

an irritational persistent fear of something

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and actions (compulsions)

obsessions

persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing distress

compulsions

The person's need to perform REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS like hand washing, ordering, checking, or mental acts like prayers, counting, repeated words, etc

Hoarding Disorder

A disorder in which the person has a compulsive need to acquire objects and extreme difficulty in disposing of those objects.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Dissociative Amnesia with Fugue

The sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from everyday life

DIssociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly known as multiple personality disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

psychosis

A mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality; experienced with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

catatonic stupor

Disorganized motor behavior characterized by stillness; a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate [NEGATIVE symptom of schizophrenia]

hallucinations

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus, or hearing something without auditory stimulus

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

A type of personality disorder marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, as characterized by inattention and hyperactivity or impulsivity. They can have difficulty with details or organization, and may fidget, blurt out, or move about when expected to be still and attentive.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

deinstitutionalization

governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community for care and closing mental hospitals

free association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

unconditional positive regard

The acceptance and appreciation of an individual, faults and all. This was proposed by Carl Rogers and is a critical component of humanistic therapy

applied behavior therapy

psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior [systematic desensitization] OR extinguishing undesired behavior [aversion therapy]

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

fear hierarchy

constructed by patient in which feared situations are arranged from least to most anxiety provoking; used to set sequence for therapy

aversion therapy

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

token economy

A technique used in behavior therapy to reinforce behavior by giving tokens (that can be cashed in for something desirable) for appropriate behavior

agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

anxiety disorder characterized by marked fear and avoidance of being alone in a place from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing

Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

characterized by inflated or grandiose sense of themselves and an extreme need for admiration (expect others to notice their special qualities, even when their accomplishments are ordinary, and they enjoy basking in the light of adulation; self-absorbed, lack empathy for others; strong sense of entitlement; tend to be preoccupied with fantasies of success and power, ideal love, or recognition for brilliance or beauty)

Histrionic Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Paranoid Personality Disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Which personality disorder is characterized by a lifelong pattern of voluntary social withdrawal, and is often perceived as eccentric and reclusive? Restricted range of emotional expression

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control as a PERSONALITY disorder; NOT OCD

Bipolar I Disorder

Cycling between states of mania and depression; ___ I is more severe than Bipolar II

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years; at least two of the following symptoms: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness

lithium

Mood-stabilizing drug, best known for treating bipolar disorders

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Commonly used to treat depression

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

1. Involves the use of electrically induced seizures for psychiatric purposes. It is used with severely depressed clients who fail to respond to antidepressant meds and therapy. May be used with extremely suicidal clients because 2 weeks are needed for antidepressants to take effect. May produce memory loss.

Antipsychotic drugs

biological treatment option used to treat the severe psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia; effective for treating hallucinations; blocks dopamine receptors; Examples: Seroquel, Abilify, Zyprexa, Risperdal

Antianxiety drugs

drugs which relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness, e.g., Valium, Xanax, Lexapro, Ativan and other drugs in the benzodiazepine family

Antidepressant drugs

medicines which elevate mood states; SSRIs or SNRIs like Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Four step therapy to help clients recognize and change their self-defeating thoughts; identity activating event, identify belief system, examining emotional consequences, & dispute erroneous beliefs; commonly used for obsessive-compulsive and eating disorders

Aaron Beck

known for the cognitive triad which models the components of depression

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversion therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).