Speech Sound Disorders Final

Coarticulation

Influence sounds exert on other sounds

Sensory information

Auditory, tactile, and visual acuity and processing feedback loops

Suprasegmentals

Stress, intonation, loudness, pitch, rate, vocal punctuation

The alveoli include which of the following

1. Are at adult levels for a child ages 7-8

2. Where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Psycholinguistic

Input and output of utterances in real time; perception, storage, planning, and production

Nonlinear Phonology

Sound elements: word tier, foot tier, weak and strong syllables, onset-rime, skeletal form (C-V), sound segment and where it is produced

Sonority

Phonemes are assigned a number value related to sound; voiceless stops = 7 and vowels are the most sonorous = 0

Natural Phonology

Stampe: Phonological processes (e.g. fronting, backing, cluster reduction)

Generative

Noam Chomsky: Underlying representation into a surface from a language specific rule

Behaviorist

B. F. Skinner: Positive or negative, reinforcement or punishment

True or False: Intelligibility is how well a person is understood by known, less familiar, an unfamiliar communication partners

True

True or False: Less than half of children have /ɹ/ distortions or substitutions

False

75% of children at age ____ are intelligible with a range from 54% to 80%

3

In the toddler years, greater respiratory control results in the opportunity for _______________

increased utterances

In infancy you can see a distinct ____________________ motion in the chest

see-saw

Which SODA is represented in the sentence: Hewo. I wud hoping to twy a yeyi bean

Substitutions

True or False: Refer to the English and Spanish developmental charts on the power point slides. There are just as many vowels in English as there are in Spanish

False

Idiosyncratic sound development

A nontraditional developmental, unique, or novel way of producing sounds

True or False: Refer to the developmental charts and lecture for English and Spanish on the power point slides. Stop consonants are earlier developing sounds in English

True

The /ɹ/ sound has many ways it may be produced in error. It can be substituted for another sound like /w/ or /l/. It can be omitted or left out like many other sounds. It can also be produced in a way that is close to an /ɹ/ sound but not quite. In this case we call it which one of the following

Distortion

First words are typically represented as which of the following

1. monosyllabic

2. salience

3. stops and nasals

4. mid-front low vowels

5. social function

True or False: Two primary and secondary function of the newborn larynx and vocal tract include life support and vocal sounds

True

Phonation and Respiration: In general, the infant oral and laryngeal area is represented in which two of the following

1. Narrow cricoid and trachea

2. Sits below the chin level C1

In addition to an enlarged tongue in infancy, the _______ pad will disappear in the toddler stage which can be used as a physical sign of development

sucking

Intelligibility influences perceived _____________

competency

Jargon

consonants and vowels that sound like words, phrases, and sentences

Canonical: Nonreduplicated

babbling using different syllables /daba/

Cooing

vowel like productions

Reflexive or vegitative

coughing with voice, laughing, crying

Canonical: Reduplicated

babbling using the same syllable /baba/

Which SODA is represented in this sentence: I ike u

Omission

True or False: Contoid sounds are vowels and vocoid sounds are consonants

False

True or False: An example of a typical preschool child articulation error can be a stop or a fricative that may be replaced with voiced and unvoiced "th."

True

Phonation and Respiration: In general, the infant oral and laryngeal area is represented in which two of the following

1. Soft

2. Enlarged tongue in proportion to the infant's mouth

By the time a child is 7-8 years of age _______-like breathing patterns are established

adult

The anatomical structures including those directly related to voice in an infant change _____________

rapidly in the first year

True or False: Refer to the English and Spanish developmental charts on the power point slides. The phonemes /r, s, l/ should be fully developed in most children by age 5

False

True or False: Perceived competency is a result of how well someone expresses themselves through a variety of communication modalities

False

Phonetic

Sounds are used in that language or dialect

Working memory

The combination of automatic and purposeful acts of cognition, motor processing, and audition (and Dr. Mayne adds in visual processing)

Phonologic

The sound rule system based on the language and dialect employed and processes that are typical or atypical for a given language or dialect

Syntax and semantics

Word order of vocabulary in a given language

Cognitive

Accessing memory, thinking about what you know, engaging in reasoning and problem solving, active attention

The oral and ____________ cavities are for sucking and swallowing

laryngeal

True or False: English is a tonal language

False

Phonotactics

The allowable sound combinations in a given language

Diacritic markings help us with

Phonotactic variations

3 Components for measurable goal writing

Client need, criterion, mastery

True or False: Prosody includes intonation, stress pattern, loudness variations, and rhythm

True

True or False: Self-monitoring refers to the child's awareness of their own speech production.

True

Which is the typical order of prelinguistic sounds?

Reflexive, cooing, canonical, jargon

True or False: A child can be eligible for SSD by only formal measures.

False

Macroglossia

When the tongue fills the oral cavity.

Which is NOT a feature of adenoid faces?

Long upper lip

The goal of an informal test is to

Gain baseline knowledge and observe personal growth of the client

True or False: Good? By 1/29 Sally will produce /t/ given visual stimulus 8/10 trials across three sessions as measured by charted data

True

Functional speech sound disorder

The speech disorder has no known cause

True or False: A phonological disorder is the atypical production of speech sound characterized by SODAs

False

Elements consistent with apraxia of speech

- language therapy alone does not improve intelligibility

-good communication intent

-significant gap between receptive and expressive language abilities

-words may not be said the same way each time

Elements not consistent with apraxia of speech

-language therapy significantly improves intelligibility

-poor communicative intent

-expressive language are commensurate with receptive language abilities

-same sound errors are made each time

General observations you may see in childhood apraxia of speech

-issues with consistently producing a sound and often words in the same way with a performance that may change day to day

-reduced evidence of early babbling

-significant issues with sequencing and blending sounds

-the longer the connected speech productions the greater the errors

this treatment set represents targeting /l/ across level of production

like, i like, i like you (word, phrase, sentence)

the three basic steps in minimal pair intervention

-familiarization of the stimulus

-listen and pick up the named stimulus

-verbally produce the minimal pairs in a reverse teacher-client format

agents of change or those who influence the remediation of a target, for a client may include

-SLP

-SLPA

-teacher

-parent

How many exemplars (or stimulus) are recommended for a minimal pairs treatment set?

3-5

what does the phrase "reduce homonymity" mean

say two different words using the required sounds that differentiate them

in minimal pairs, adding the perception-production steps allow the child

to learn to hear the difference between two words to aid in awareness to improve production

when might you add the perception step to a minimal pair intervention approach

when the child is struggling with reducing homonymity and cannot hear the difference between words

This word sets represents a change across word position

cat-hat; cat-cot; cat-cap (Initial, Medial, Final)

a minimal pair means two words are changed by __ phoneme

1

Selecting words that are meaningful to the child and building consistency in production but not necessarily reaching remediation of sounds is targeted in which approach?

core vocabulary

the goal of the core vocabulary approach is to do

build consistency of productions

the traditional intervention that uses "listen, watch, do" as its model

integral stimulation

in addition to working across level of production, targeting prosody, groping, and multisyllabic words is targeted

interventions for childhood apraxia of speech

CV, VC, CVC, CVCV are examples of

word shapes

motor based intervention approaches

traditional articulation approach (Van Riper)

linguistic based intervention approaches

-minimal pairs

-multiple opposition

-complexity

-core vocabulary

formal

-standardized

-normative data

-compares to a population

informal

-not standardized

-can not be compared to a population

articulatory complexity

1. length of word

2. position of sounds in words

3. syllable structure

4. syllable stress

5. coarticulation factors

6. client familiarity

goal attack strategies- vertical

-target one error at a time

-mastery before moving to next

goal attack strategies-horizontal

target multiple errors simultaneously

goal attack strategies- cycles

-target one error for a set period of time, then no matter what progress is made move to the next target

-phase out targets from the cycle as they are mastered

goal writing

1. By date - The timeline a student will complete this

2. Student will - Verbally produce/perceive the target at a specified level

3. Given - The stimulus they are given (model, prompt, picture)

4. Level of prompting - Physical, Verbal, time, pause. 

5. In #trials/opportunities - 10 trials

6. With percent accuracy - A percentage of how much they should be getting correct (80% or 8/10 opportunities)

7. Across # sessions - Usually consecutive sessions or opportunities

As measured by - Charted data, portfolio, therapy notes, videos

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

-vowel errors

-differences in voluntary vs. involuntary movement

one-motor speech

-groping

-impaired phonological awareness, reading, and spelling

-imitation does not improve production

-limited phonemic inventory

Inconsistent Speech Disorder (ISD)

- unusual phonological errors with no visible pattern

-diadockinetic skills intact

-limited speech better than spontaneous production

-no groping

-large phonemic inventory

-normal phonological awareness

minimal pairs

A Linguistic contrast therapy to address phonological errors. Used with children with compromised intelligibility due to many phonological processes (In mild to moderate cases)

multiple opposition

contrastive treatment sets (many minimal pairs). Used with a client with collapse (collapsing multiple sounds into one sound). Used in moderate to severe cases

complexity approach

Using two contrasting words using more complex sounds to make it easier to perceive and produce the easier sound. Used in moderate to severe cases when six or more sounds are errored across three manner classes

core vocabulary

An intervention that involves building a core vocabulary of important words (70 words) and try to build consistency of 10 words at a time. Used to treat ISD or CAS

Perceptual training - Training a client to work on being able to do the following things to different sounds:

• Identification

• Isolation

• Stimulation

• Discrimination

Is perceptual training effective when a child is under the age of 3?

no

Verbal apraxia

• impaired ability to program & execute volitional movements for production of phonemes & word

Oral apraxia

difficulty with volitional oral non-speech tasks (e.g., might be able to use the tongue muscles to lick a sucker, but not stick it out on command)

Causes of Apraxia

• Stroke

• Infection

• Trauma

• Genetic/metabolic

• Idiopathic

Dysarthria 

Weakness in the oral muscles causing slurring in speech

Speech difference

A difference in speech through dialect or how a sound is produced

Speech disorder

An impairment that causes a difference in production

What is a speech sound disorder

Any impairment any of the ‘5 levels’ of speech function that impacts a person’s ability to communicate- Anatomic or Sensory, Motoric (Execution or planning), Perceptual, Phonetic, and Phonemic

Articulation

Formation of clear and distinct sounds