Studied by 1 person
abnormal psychology
the study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder; this field explores the causes, symptoms, and treatments of psychological disorders to understand and improve mental health (obsessive compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anorexia nervousa, etc.)
clinical psychology
branch of psychology that assesses, diagnoses, treats, and prevents mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, utilizing various therapeutic methods and interventions to improve individuals mental health and wellbeing (therapist assessing the patient, who displays signs of anxiety, and treats is with proper medicine)
psychology student syndrome
psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorder (overgeneralizing, oversimplifying; thinking that because you are studying dissociative identity disorder that you also have it)
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR)
comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and categorize mental disorders, providing standardized criteria and descriptions for consisted use across clinical settings updated regularly to be responsive to new research and practice advances (psychology book)
international classification of mental disorders
global standard for reporting and categorizing diseases, including mental and behavioral disorders, used by healthcare professionals to diagnose conditions and track health trends worldwide (psychology book)
deviation
significant departure from accepted social behaviors and cultural expectations, used as a criterion to identify and diagnose abnormal behaviors and psychological disorders in clinical settings (person frequently talking to invisible entities in public spaces, and when confronted about it, they insist that the entities are real and is agitated when questioned)
distress
intense and prolonged emotional suffering that impairs an individual's ability to function in daily life, often used as a key criterion for diagnosis (individual experiencing intense, prolonged periods of fear/anxiety that seem disproportionate to actual events or situations they face)
dysfunction
the disruption in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that significantly impairs an individuals ability to perform normal daily activities (person repeatedly checking that the doors and windows are turned off, often interrupting important meetings, phone calls, etc. to do so)
stigma
the negative stereotypes and social disapproval directed at individuals with mental disorders, often leading to discrimination and barriers to seeking or receiving mental health care (individual diagnoses with bipolar disorder hides their condition from coworkers and friends due to fear of being judged/treated differently)
biological perspective
mental disorders are caused by physiological and genetic factors, focusing on how how brain function, neurochemistry, and genetics contribute to psychological conditions (individual experiencing severe mood swings, extreme highs to extreme lows and discovers it is due to a chemical imbalance of serotonin and dopamine)
behavioral perspective
suggests that mental disorders arise from maladaptive learned behaviors and associations, focusing on how inappropriate conditioning and reinforcement of behaviors contribute to psychological issues (developing severe phobia of dogs after being bit by a dog at a young age and due to avoiding, they have escalated the phobia)
psychodynamic perspective
mental disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflicts and impulses, often originating in childhood, that influence current behavior and emotional states (individual experiences chronic feelings of low self-esteem, coming from unresolved conflicts and feelings from childhood; being told not worthy of taking up space, etc.)
humanistic perspective
emphasizes that mental disorders arise when individuals innate potential for self-fulfillment and personal growth is blocked, often due to failures in achieving self-acceptance and meaningful personal goals (person feeing dissatisfied with life and feeling empty, because they have lived our their family's dream of them being a doctor when they wanted to be a NASA specialist)
cognitive perspective
proposes that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive thought patterns, including dysfunctional beliefs, attitudes, and emotional responses, which negatively affect behavior and emotional well being (individual suffering chronic depression and is assessed it is due to their feelings of worthlessness and self-blame for any negative outcome, even those they can't control)
evolutionary perspective
suggests that mental disorders can arise from behaviors and mental processes that are maladaptive, reducing an individuals chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment (person with severe social anxiety that has stemmed due to being cautious in social situations; stranger danger)
sociocultural perspective
mental disorders stem from maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics, emphasizing the influence of societal norms and interactions on mental health (immigrant in a new country and faces cultural and linguistic barriers, leaving them feeling alienated and depressed)
eclectic approach
combining techniques and theories from multiple therapeutic orientations to tailor treatment to the unique needs of individual clients, enhancing flexibility and effectiveness in therapy (person with PTSD is addressed with combined therapies like CBT, psychodynamic, mindfulness and relaxation to help them)
biopsychosocial model
psychological disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, emphasizing the comprehensive and interconnected nature of influences on mental health (individual has a genetic predisposition for mood disorders, developed negative thinking patterns, and lacked support socially)
diathesis-stress model
psychological disorders arise from a predisposing genetic vulnerability (diathesis) combined with stressful environmental factors (stress), triggering the onset of mental health issues (individual has a genetic predisposition to depression but never had issues with it until they lost their job, which stressed them out, causing the onset of depressive symptoms)
anxiety disorders
characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that lead to significant disturbances in behavior (GAD, panic disorder, phobias, separation anxiety, social anxiety, etc.)
specific phobia
psychological disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear of a specific object or situation, leading to significant distress and avoidance behavior that disrupts daily functioning (individual experiences an intense, irrational fear of flying)
acrophobia
classified as a specific phobia in the DSM-5-TR, is characterized by an intense and persistent fear of heights, causing significant anxiety and avoidance behavior that can interfere with daily activities and functioning (person afraid of heights and won't go on a roller coaster due to it)
arachnophobia
classified as a specific phobia in the DSM-5-TR, is characterized by an intense and irrational fear of spiders, leading to excessive anxiety and avoidance behaviors that disrupt normal functioning (person afraid of spiders)
agoraphobia
psychological disorder characterized by an intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of place like public spaces or crowds, significantly impacting daily activities (person becoming overly anxious about being in places/situations where escape might not be available in the event of a panic attack)
panic disorder
recurrent and unexpected panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that peak within minutes—accompanied by physical symptoms like heart palpitations, and ongoing concern about having additional attacks of their consequences (person frequently experiencing unexpected and intense episodes of panic with rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, and sense of impending doom; panic attacks)
attaque de nervousa
episodes of intense emotional distress, dramatic expressions of emotion, such as screaming or crying, and sometimes uncontrollable physical symptoms like shaking or feeling as if one is suffocating (person experiencing intense emotional reactions by uncontrollable shouting, crying, and trembling during stressful events) -common among Caribbean and Iberian backgrounds
social anxiety disorder
significant and persistent fear of social situations where embarrassment or scrutiny may occur, leading to avoidance behaviors and severe anxiety about performing or interacting in certain social contexts (individual fearing social situations where they feel they may be judged/scrutinized; interferes with daily life like social gatherings, work meetings, etc.)
taijin kyofusho
predominantly observed in Japan, characterized by an intense fear of offending or embarrassing other through one's bodily functions or appearance, leading to significant social anxiety and avoidance behaviors (person fearing their facial expressions and the way they stand will offend another person so they avoid social situations)
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of daily life, accompanied by physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, and difficult concentrating, which are not tied to any specific cause or event (person constantly worried about a variety of everyday activities and events like health, finances, job security, etc. even where no clear reasons are present)
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, typically aimed at reducing anxiety but causing significant distress and interference in daily functioning (repeatedly checking if the front door is locked, having to turn it in a specific way because if not, something bad may happen)
hoarding disorder
persistent difficult discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save them, resulting in excessive accumulation that compromises the use of living areas and significantly impairs daily functioning (person collecting a vast amount of items because it holds sentimental value or they may need it later; newspapers, mail, broken appliances)
trauma and stressor related disorders
involve psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, characterized by symptoms such as hyper vigilance, severe anxiety, flashbacks, insomnia, emotional detachment, and hostility, which impair daily functioning (PTSD, reactive attachment, acute stress, etc.)
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
persistent mental and emotional stress following exposure to a traumatic event, featuring symptoms such as intrusive memories (flashbacks), avoidance of reminders of the trauma, heightened reactivity (e.g., exaggerated startle response), and emotional numbness (surviving a severe car accident and subsequently begins to experience intense flashbacks like they are reliving the trauma)
depressive disorders
characterized by a persistent sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by physical and cognitive changes, significantly impairing a person's ability to function in daily activities (major depressive, persistent depressive, etc.)
major depressive disorder
pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, significantly impacting daily functioning (person gradually losing interest in activities they once enjoyed, feels persistent sadness, worthlessness, can't concentrate, chronic fatigue, changes in appetite)
persistent depressive disorder
chronic, depressed mood lasting for at least two years, with symptoms that are less severe but longer-lasting than those of major depression, affecting daily functioning (person feeling mildly depressed for years, but never experiencing severe peaks; constant feeling of inadequacy/diminished interest in life)
bipolar disorders
characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression, with bipolar cycling involving shifts between these mood states that can vary in duration and intensity (bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic, etc.)
bipolar II disorder
characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, without ever having a full manic episode, leading to significant distress or impairment (prolonged periods of depressive symptoms which alternate with episodes of elevated mood which can have negative consequences due to impulsive decisions)
bipolar I disorder
characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes, causing significant impairment in daily functioning
-bipolar I disorder is more severe than bipolar II disorder due to the presence of full manic episodes in bipolar I (person with extreme mood swings with intense mania and severe depression)
neurodevelopmental disorders
group of disorders that begin in the developmental period, characterized by symptoms that affect behavior, learning, and development, focusing on whether behaviors are appropriate for the person's age or maturity level (ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, etc.)
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development, leading to difficulties in maintaining focus, controlling behavior, and staying organized (struggling with focusing on tasks at work and frequently finds themselves starting projects without finishing previous ones)
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, varying widely in severity and impact on daily functioning (struggling in social interactions and communication; no eye contact, doesn't initiate conversations, repetitive behaviors, strong preference for specific routine)
feeding and eating disorders
characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food, leading to sight cant impairment in health or psychological functioning (pica, rumination disorder, ARFID, anorexia, binge-eating, etc.)
anorexia nervosa
psychological disorder characterized by restricted food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image, leading to significant weight loss and health complications (becoming intensely fearful of gaining weight and restricts calorie intake despite being severely underweight; calorie counting, long periods of exercise, avoiding meals)
bulimia nervosa
characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain, causing significant physical and psychological distress (binge eating, then self-induced vomiting/mixing laxatives/excessive exercise to lose feared weight)
schizophrenic spectrum disorders
characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, and can be experienced as either acute or chronic conditions (schizophrenia, schizophreniform, brief psychotic disorder, etc.)
schizophrenia
psychological disorder characterized by persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, significant impairing daily functioning and lasting for at least six months (someone speaking to themselves, reacting to things not there, etc.)
delusions
false beliefs strongly held despite clear evidence to the contrary; delusions of persecution involve the false belief that one is being targeted or harassed; delusions of grandeur involve the false belief in one's exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame (the delusion of persecution due to the belief an individual is the target of a covert surveillance operation and their thoughts are being tracked)
hallucinations
false sensory experiences without external stimuli, most commonly involving hearing voices that others do not hear (a figure vanishing when trying to interact or hearing audible voices telling you that the way you washed the pan wasn't correct)
disorganized thinking or speech
incoherent or nonsensical speech patterns, such as jumping between unrelated topics or using words inappropriately, reflecting disordered thought processes (someone saying "the rainbows daylight from the frame makes the table spin")
disorganized motor behavior
abnormal or erratic movements, such as excessive agitation, bizarre postures, significantly impacting daily functioning (person holding their body in rigid, awkward positions for hours or rocking back and forth or walking in circles)
flat affect
severe reduction in emotional expressiveness, where the individual shows little or no facial expression, voice tone, or emotional reaction (not smiling during joyful family gatherings or show sadness at a funeral)
dopamine hypothesis
suggests that the disorder is linked to an imbalance of dopamine activity in the brain, with excessive dopamine activity contributing to symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations (individual exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia, where a treatment team concludes an overactivity of dopamine in certain areas of the brain, where it is then treated, and the individual returns to "normal")
dissociative disorders
characterized by disruptions or discontinuities in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning (DID, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization, etc.)
dissociative amnesia
involves an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic of stressful nature (an individual is found several states away, where they started a new life with no recognition of their family because of a bitter divorce and loss of a job)
dissociative identity disorder
characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world, resulting in gaps in memory and a disrupted sense of self (one identity is confident, assertive who handles stressful situations well, while a different personality is timid, fearful, and unable to cope with stress)
personality disorders
enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that deviate markedly from cultural expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and lead to significant personal distress or impairment (paranoid personality, schizoid personality, borderline personality, narcissistic personality, etc.)
cluster a personality disorders
characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors and thinking (paranoid personality, schizoid personality, schizotypal personality)
paranoid personality disorder
characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, interpreting their motivates as malevolent, leading to significant interpersonal difficulties and isolation (accusing a partner of infidelity based on minor, innocuous interactions with others; constantly doubting people)
schizoid personality disorder
characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression, leading to a preference for solitary activities and limited interest in forming close relationships (person exhibiting a profound disinterest in forming close relationships, preferring solitary activities, spending time alone, and appear detached/indifferent to praise/criticism)
schizotypal personality disorder
characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behaviors, often leading to significant social and interpersonal difficulties (individual believing they can influence events with their thoughts and speaking with unusual phrases or metaphors; suspicious)
cluster b personality disorders
characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors (antisocial personality, borderline personality, histrionic personality, narcissistic personality, etc.)
antisocial personality disorders
characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, often involving deceitful, manipulative, and unlawful behaviors, and a lack of remorse for these actions (someone robbing an electronic store and justifying it by saying that they needed a new phone, showing no remorse for the thousands of dollars of products they destroyed in the process)
histrionic personality disorders
characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking b he aviator, including a need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, often leading to difficulties in maintains deep and meaningful relationships (a women dressing provocatively at inappropriate times on purpose to become to center of attention of everyone)
narcissistic personality disorders
characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others, often resulting in exploitative behavior and difficulties in maintaining healthy relationships (person discussing their own achievements and talents in an exaggerated manner, and when others try to engage by telling their own talents, the first individual takes over again, demanding to be admired)
borderline personality disorders
characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, along with impulsive behaviors and intense fear of abandonment, often leading to significant distress and difficulties in daily functioning (intense and unstable emotions/moods; person idolizing their partner an hour before hand but quickly feels like they no longer care simply because they did not offer to get dinner when mentioning they were hungry)
cluster c personality disorders
characterized by anxious and fearful behaviors, including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive personality disorders, which involve patterns of social inhibition, submissiveness, and perfectionism (avoidant personality, dependent personality, obsessive-compulsive personality, etc.)
avoidant personality disorders
pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, leading to avoidance of social interactions and a reluctance to engage in new activities (avoiding social interactions and workplace activities due to the fear of what others think about them/fear of embarrassment)
dependent personality disorders
characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior, and fears of separation, resulting in difficultly making decisions without reassurance from others (person making their partner choose the clothes they wear for fear that if they chose alone, they would offend them and receive criticism for it)
obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, leading to significant distress or impairment in functioning (an individual spending so much time perfecting a project at work that they miss deadlines; obsessed with details, rules, lists order, and schedules)
deinstitutionalization
the process of reducing the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by transitioning them to community-based mental health services, aiming to provide more integrated and humane care (moving large psychiatric patients to community based care)
evidence-based interventions
therapeutic approaches and treatments that are supported by scientific research and empirical evidence, ensuring their effectiveness and reliability in improving mental health outcomes (cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, interpersonal therapy, etc.)
therapeutic alliance
the collaborative and trusting relationship between a therapist and client, which is crucial for effective therapy and positive treatment outcomes (therapist building rapport, giving empathy, etc. so the client feels safe and opens up)
cultural humility
involves an ongoing process of self reflection and learning about clients' cultural backgrounds, recognizing and addressing power imbalances, and fostering respectful, culturally sensitive therapeutic relationships (certain coping strategies do not align with a person's cultural values/practices, so the therapist works around it to respect it)
nonmaleficence
the ethical principle of do no harm, ensuring that therapists avoid actions or interventions that could cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm to their clients (therapist considering introducing a new therapy technique but decides against it because the risks are greater than the rewards and follows the "no harm" rule)
fidelity
the ethical principle of maintaining trust, honesty, and commitment in the therapeutic relationship, ensuring reliability and integrity in professional conduct (therapist being asked to speak at a conference and despite the intriguing nature of a client's case, they go with generalized examples to keep the trust and confidentiality of their client)
integrity
the ethical principle of being honest, transparent, and consistent in their professional actions, ensuring adherence to moral and ethical standards in all aspects of their practice (therapist using an assessment tool to evaluate for specific mental health disorders but discovers it has significant validity issues, so they stop using it and inform their clients)
respect for people's rights and dignity
recognizing and honoring the inherent worth of all individuals, ensuring privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination, and treating clients with fairness and respect in clinical psychology (new client beginning therapy where it is explained to them the confidentiality policy, and when the information will have to be shared; safeguarding personal information, storing records securely, etc.)
psychodynamic therapies
focus on uncovering unconscious conflicts and past experiences to understand current behavior and emotions, aiming to increase self-awakes and insight into psychological issues (client experiencing recurring anxiety in social situations without apparent reason, so the therapist helps and discovers it may be due to early childhood interactions where the client felt persistently judged and scrutinized)
free association
the patients speaking freely about thoughts, feelings, and memories as they come to mind, helping to uncover unconscious conflicts and underlying issues (client might begin a session discussing minor frustrations at work, but as they freely associate, they start discussing more significant childhood memories of feeling inadequate and unappreciated)
dream interpretation
analyzing the content of dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings, providing insights into unresolved conflicts and underlying psychological issues (client describing recurring dream in which they are constantly searching from something but never find it, which reflects the client's real life of feeling lost and directionless in their career)
person-centered therapy
focuses on providing a supportive environment where clients can achieve self-discovery and personal growth, emphasizing empathy, unconditional regard, and genuineness from the therapist (client who feels overwhelmed by life decisions and low self esteem where the therapist allows the client to lead the sessions at their own pace with little to no interjection)
active listening
involves the therapist fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says, demonstrating empathy and validating the client's feelings and experiences (client speaking about feeling unappreciated at work while the therapist pays close attention, nodding, and occasionally restating what the client has said)
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of complete acceptance and support that a therapist offers to a client, regardless of what the client says or does, fostering a safe and nonjudgmental therapeutic environment (client comes into therapy feeling guilty after an argument with a loved one, the therapist listens without judgment and encourages them to explore their feelings in more constructive ways)
group therapy
-therapy conducted with multiple participants led by one or more therapists (group therapy in mental hospitals where each share their experiences and receive peer support but can become uncomfortable sharing and less one-on-one attention)
individual therapy
therapy conducted one on one between a therapist and a singe client (client coming to talk about their personal struggle with depression, gets prescribed medication for it, but does not receive peer support from group)
cognitive therapies
focus on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier behaviors, aiming to address psychological issues through cognitive restructuring (therapist aiming to change the cognitive thinking of the client by identifying specific thought patterns that fuel their anxiety, such as overestimating the likelihood of making mistakes in social situations)
maladaptive thinking
negative and irrational thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress and dysfunctional behaviors, which therapy aims to identify and change (client consistently believes that they must perform perfectly in all aspects of their life to be valued and accepted, avoids new challenges where success isn't guaranteed)
cognitive restructuring
identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs, replacing them with more positive and realistic ones to improve emotional well being and behavior (client saying they are not good enough and the therapist tells them to recall past evidence that contradicts that statement so that setbacks can be overcome)
cognitive triad
the negative thought patterns about oneself, the world, and the future that contribute to and sustain depression, which therapy aims to identify and change (client feels inherently worthless, others are dismissive and critical of them, and that nothing will improve their life)
applied behavior analysis
therapy that uses principles of learning and conditioning to improve specific behaviors, such as social skills, communication, and academic performance, through systematic interventions and reinforcement strategies (young child displaying frequent tantrums and struggles with communication; ABA therapy analyzes the behavior and what causes it then talks to caretakers on how to deal with the transition from preferred activity to less preferred one and how to to reinforce it)
exposure therapy
involves gradually and repeatedly exposing individuals to feared objects or situations in a controlled environment to reduce anxiety and improve coping mechanisms (therapist showing pictures of dogs, then videos, then observing a dog from distance, to being closer to a dog, to petting the dog for a client who has a severe phobia of dogs)
systematic desensitization
type of exposure therapy that involves gradually exposing individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce fear and anxiety (teaching a client who is scared of flying breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, then exposing them to the hierarchy of fears related to flying while using these techniques to become exposed to flying itself)
aversion therapy
behavioral technique that pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli to reduce or eliminate those behaviors by creating a negative association (client has a long-standing habit of smoking cigarettes, so the therapist administers a mid electric shock or bitter taste when hit of cigarette is taken to try and make the client "avoid" the cigarettes through the negative association they provide)
token economics
behavioral therapy systems where individuals earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards, reinforcing positive behavior change (residential treatment center using tokens for behaviors; tokens are awarded to children when they exhibiting desirable behaviors and using them to exchange for privileges like recesses, snacks, etc.)
biofeedback
uses electronic monitoring to provide individuals with information about physiological processes, such as heart rate or muscle tension, to help them learn to control these functions and improve health and performance (client experiencing chronic tension headaches, where the psychologist uses biofeedback, focusing on the client's muscle tension and heart rate, where they then use relaxation techniques to prevent the headaches)
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors, aiming to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier coping strategies (client assessing anxious thoughts and their accuracy and helpfulness, then going out where the client has to test out the validity of their anxious predictions in real life situations)
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs and thought patterns to reduce emotional distress and promote healthier behaviors (client experiencing severe anxiety when they receive anything less than a perfect, believing they are a failure and that it reflects them as a person; therapist shows them that their thinking is wrong, and instead redirects them to think that academic performance is not the sole indicator of their self worth, thus changing their attitude)
hypnosis
therapeutic technique that has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety, but research does not support its use for retrieving accurate memories or age regression (client undergoing chemotherapy who experiences significant anxiety due to it, so the clinician uses hypnosis to help the client achieve a state of deep relaxation and focused attention to reduce pain and anxiety)
psychotropic medication therapy
involves the use of medications to treat mental health disorders by affecting brain chemistry, aiming to alleviate symptoms and improve functioning (client struggling with severe depression and has not responded to psychotherapy alone is given an antidepressant and attends therapy where they report a reduction in depressive symptoms and works on underlying issues/coping strategies to manage the depression)
