Final Exam

Father of Medicine

Hippocrates

Aristotle

first person to use bellows to force people to breathe

Leonardo da Vinci

responsible for the development of oxygen tanks

Joseph Black

described properties of CO2

Joseph Priestly

discovered oxygen

Louis Pasteur

responsible for pasteurization and advancing his "germ theory"

William Roentgen

discovered x-rays

Karl von Linde

developed large-scale production of O2

NBRC (National Board for Respiratory Care)

offers certification and registry examination for RTs

The Joint Commission (TJC)

a national agency that conducts surveys of inpatient and ambulatory facilities and certifies their compliance with established quality standards

CoARC

professional organization that accredits respiratory care schools and programs

AARC (American Association for Respiratory Care)

organization that promotes professional excellence , advances science and practice of respiratory care and serves as advocate

Foralism

relies on rules and principles

Consequentialism

an ethical system that determines the level of goodness or evil from the effect or result of an act; decisions are based on consequences

Virtue Ethics

a moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character; asks what a "virtuous person" would do

Intuitionism

is when intuition is involved in the decision-making process

Autonomy

patients personal liberty and their right to decide their own course of treatment; informed consent

Veracity

binds health care providers and patients to be truthful

Non-maleficence

requires health care providers to avoid harming patients

Beneficence

-raises “do-no-harm” requirement to higher level

-dilemmas from this resulted in “advanced directives”

Justice

fair distribution of care

Disruptive justice

the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed

Compensatory Justice

individuals should be compensated for the cost of their injuries by the party responsible

Role Duty (Fidelity)

practice within scope

Criminal Law (Public Law)

-deals with regulation and enforcement of rights

-deals with acts against welfare and safety of public

Administrative law (Public Law)

the body of law that regulates the operation and procedures of government agencies

Civil Law

protects citizens from others who might seek to take unfair advantage

Criminal Malpractice

includes crimes such as assault and battery or euthanasia

Euthanasia

the act of painlessly killing a suffering person or animal; mercy killing

Civil Malpractice

includes negligence or practice below a reasonable standard

Ethical Malpractice

includes violations of professional ethics and may result in censure or disciplinary actions by licensure boards

Tort Law

involving an act that brings harm to a person or damage to property

Negligent Tort

occurs when the defendant fails to act in a responsible way and thereby subjects other people to an unreasonable risk of harm

Intentional Tort

a wrongful act knowingly committed

Economic Damages

awarded for economic loss

Noneconomic Damages

compensatory damages for such losses as pain and suffering, mental anguish, and loss of physical abilities

Punitive Damages

awarded to punish wrongful conduct and deter future unlawful conduct

Most frequent causes of professional discipline

•substance abuse

•domestic violence

•sexual abuse

•gross incompetence

Ethical dilemmas RTs face

•staffing issues

•dealing with conflicts with third parties

•delivery of the appropriate standard of care

•rationing of care

Qualitative Research

informal research methods, including observation, following social media sites, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques

Quantitative Research

research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

R.A.C.E

rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish

P.A.S.S

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep

Nosocomial Infection (HAI)

an infection acquired during hospitalization

How are nosocomial infections transmitted?

direct contact between staff members and patients and between patients

Steralization

complete destruction of all forms of microbial life

Disinfection

process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores

Factors affecting communication

•internal factors: cultural beliefs, listening habits, feelings

•verbal expressions: language barrier, voice tone, choice of words

•nonverbal expressions: body movement, facial expressions, professionalism

•environmental factors: noise, privacy, distance

•sensory/emotional factors: fear, stress, anxiety

Purpose of health communication

for effective and accurate delivery of medical information within the hospital, thus making evaluation and treatment more effective

Contact Transmission: Direct

person to person

Contact Transmission: Indirect

involves touching of contaminated objects used by an infected person

Droplet Transmission

transfer via respiratory droplets: coughing, sneezing, talking

Airborne Transmission

•the spread of an organism in aerosol form

•requires use of a N-95 mask

Vehicle Transmission

transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)

Vector-borne Transmission

disease transmitted from insects and rats and other vermin