MIC 100 - Antimicrobial Drugs & Resistance & Food Safety

Antimicrobial Drugs

Reduces pathogen while harming microbes without hurting humans

What types of drugs are Sulfa & Penicillin

Antimicrobial drugs

Humans ____ become resistant to drugs, microbes ___

Humans DO NOT become resistant to drugs, microbes DO

Define mutation

 an error during DNA replication causes a change in the sequence of nucleotides of a gene; this causes a protein the cell already makes to change shape, which prevents the antibacterial drug from working to kill the cell

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

the movement of instructions for building proteins between bacterial cells; this gives the recipient of the instructions the ability to make new proteins that help it resist the effects of drugs that would normally kill that species 

What happens during Natural Selection

Drugs kill susceptible strains → resistant strains survive & reproduce.

Examples of MDR Pathogens

MRSA, CRE, Candida auris

What are human practices that speeds drug resistance

Improper use (e.g. overuse)

What slow drug resistance

Use drugs when needed

Foodborne Infection

Pathogens reproduce inside body

Foodborne Intoxication

Toxins in food

Antibiotic is inefficitive

Foodborne Intoxication

Who are high risk to foodborne disease

Babies, pregnant women, elderly

What happens when microbes uses food for energy

Spoilage

What are ways to control microbe growth?

Avoid cross-contamination, refrigerate, freeze, radiation

Resistance Hierarchy

Endospores > fungal spores > non-enveloped viruses > vegetative fungal cells > enveloped viruses > vegetative bacteria

bacteria make a BRAND NEW protein that pumps the penicillin molecules out that enter them

HGT

bacteria make an enzyme that is normally targeted by penicillin, but is now a slightly different shape that allow it to not get bound by drug

Mutation

bacteria make a transport protein that is a slightly different shape, preventing penicillin molecule entry

Mutation

bacteria make a BRAND NEW enzyme that helps break penicillin molecules into fragments that can no longer effectively bind to targe enzymes,

HGT

A microbe that is harmed by an antimicrobial drug is said to be ____ to that drug

Suceptible

A microbe that is not harmed by an antimicrobial drug is said to be ____ to that drug.

Resistant

common residents of the intestines of humans

CRE

common residents of the inner nose and skin of humans

MRSA

common residents of the inner nose and skin of humans

MRSA

make an enzyme that chops up an antibacterial drug called carbapenem

CRE