Intro to Animal Science Exam 3

Lab animals, horses,

Lab animal

Any animal that is used in biomedical research, testing and teaching

Laboratory Animal Science

The science and technology dealing with the procurement, breeding, care, health, and selection of animals used in biomedical research and testing.

Components of lab animal science

Lab animal care, medicine, and experimentation

Who and what regulates lab animal research?

Regulated by local, state, and federal laws

Animal Welfare Act (AWA)

AWA protects all warm-blooded animals, except rats, mice, and birds for research, USDA enforces it by inspecting laboratories and monitoring compliance

The Public Health Service Policy (The Policy)

Covers the species that are not covered under the AWA, covers live vertebrates including fish and reptiles used in research, applies to any research facility that receives PHS funds, researchers must follow the Guide

The Guide

Central piece of the Policy, is the basis for AAALACi accreditation

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Reviews all proposed animal experiments, inspects animal facilities twice a year, provide oversight of welfare of animals in their institution, composed of at least five members

AAALAC International

Promotes uniform standards of animal care in US labs on a voluntary basis, assesses and accredits research facilities all around the world

AALAS/animal care panel (ACP)

Concerned with production, care, and study of lab animals, produces educational materials, scientific journals, and provides certification for lab animal care personnel

National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)

Foster a framework for animal use acceptable to scientific community and the public

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)

Organization for veterinarians

American College of Lab Animal Medicine (ACLAM)

For veterinarians that specialize in lab animal medicine

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)

Against the use of animals in research

Ethic’s of Animal Use rules

Certain rules must be followed centering around animal welfare (instead of animal rights), the Three Rs Principles are at the foundation of these rules

The Three Rs Principles

Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement

Rats

The first mammalian species domesticated for scientific purpose, most commonly for nutrition and behavioral studies

Unique features of rats

Do not vomit, do not have canine or premolar teeth, tears contain porphyrin (a red or reddish-brown substance around eyes or nose, stress or pain related)

Altricial rats

Born hairless, blind, closed ears, undeveloped limbs, and short tail

Mice

Most commonly used mammals

Alternatives to using animals

Computer modeling, organs on a chip (human cells imitating structure and function of organs) 

Hot-blooded horses

Bred for speed, agility, and endurance, also known as light horses, standard riding horses

Hot-blooded horse breeds

Quarter horses, Arabians, Thoroughbreds

Cold-blooded horses

Bred for strength, patience, and heavy labor, also known as heavy or draft horses

Cold-blooded horse breeds

Clydesdales, Belgians, and Shires

Warm-blooded horse

Cross between a cold and hot blooded horse

One hand (measurement)

4 inches

Horse colors

Palomino, Appaloosa, Paint

Intact female less than three years old

Filly

Intact male less than three years old

Colt

Yearling

12-24 months old, either sex

Intact female older than three years old

Mare

Intact male older than three years old

Stallion/stud

Castrated male

Gelding

Broodmare

Mare used for breeding rather than athletic performance

Horse nutrition

Base of high-quality forage (hay, hay cubes, pasture, pellets) and add concentrates and supplements as needed, always provide a salt/trace mineral block, consumes 1-3.5% of body weight daily

Horses’ calcium to phosphorus ratio

Needs a Ca:P ratio of 1.5:1 (some say 2:1), forages higher in Ca, concentrates higher in P

Horse reproduction

seasonally polyestrous (long day breeders), 11-month gestation period, want a single foal

Horse lifespan

25-30 years, geriatric over 20 years

Types of horse riding

Olympic, eventing, rodeo, racing, showing, driving and pulling, trail competitions, recreational

Routine horse care

Annual vet checks, vaccines, check teeth, farrier comes ever 6-8 weeks to trim hoofs or repair shoes

Horses in the US

7.2 million

Most economic impact in the equine industry

Racing

Top 3 states with the most horses

Texas, California, Florida

Most economic impact in New Jersey in the equine industry

Racetracks

Why is the swine industry important?

Contribution to the economy, US is ranked 1 or 2 for exportation of pork products, provides jobs

Female pig who’s never given birth

Gilt

Female pig who has given birth at least once

Sow

Intact male pig

Boar

Castrated male pig

Barrow

Young pig of any sex

Piglet

What is it called when a sow gives birth to piglets?

Farrowing

Why are pig prolific?

Short generation interval and high reproductive rates

What age, weight, and estrus can gilts be bred?

6-8 months, 230-240 pounds, 2nd or 3rd estrus

What age and weight are marketing pigs ready?

5-6 months, 230-260 pounds

When are sows rebred?

4-7 days post weaning

Reproductive lifespan of boars vs sows

Boars is 2 years, sows is 4-6 years

When do pigs reach sexual maturity?

6 months

Swine production life cycle

Breeding herd, farrowing, nursery, finishing market

Average litter size of pigs

10-14 piglets

Nursery (pigs)

Weaned piglets from the same farrowing barn moved to nursery​, weaned at 2-8 weeks of age, piglets stay in nursery for 36-46 days

Finishing barn

Finishing barns contain pigs from nursery until they are ready for market, pigs remain in barns for about 16 weeks, barrows and gilts housed separately

Yorkshire (pig breed)

White erect ears, known for maternal instincts and good structure​

Landrace (pig breed)

White long drooped ears, known for maternal instincts and structural soundness

Large white (pig breed)

Ancestor of the Yorkshire

Duroc (pig breed)

Red, drooped ears fast growing, good structure, good meat quality

Hampshire (pig breeds)

Black with white belt over shoulders, erect ears, lowest backfat, best carcass traits, good structure

Farrow to finish swine operation

Maintain breeding herd and raise pigs to market weight, most common type

Feeder pig production swine operation

Maintain breeding herd and produce feeder pigs for sale at 40-50 lbs

Finishing swine operation

Buys feeder pigs to grow to market weight

Purebred swine operation

Produce purebred boars and gilts for sale, semen for AI is produced by companies who do not sell boars

Stunning

Animal cannot feel pain and is unconscious

Other uses for pigs (other than meat and breeding)

Medical research, biomedical products, xenotransplantation, work animals, companion animals

African swine fever

Extremely fatal and contagious vascular disease of swine, prevention is the only tool since there is no vaccine

Dairy cattle industry trends

The number of milk cows and the production of milk per cow have both increased

Dairy product consumption trends

Consumption of milk is going down, consumption for cheese is going up

Top dairy states

California, Wisconsin, Idaho, Texas, New York

Milk compsition

Mostly water, high in protein, also contains fat, lactose, and minerals

Milk composition factors

Dependent on species, breed, feed, and the stage of lactation

Where is milk stored before it is picked up?

In a bulk tank, temperatures are below 40 F to reduce bacterial growth

Pasteurization

The application of heat to destroy human pathogens in food

Homogenization

Involves reducing the size of the fat globules into miniscule portions that are dispersed evenly throughout the milk

Why is milk homogenized?

Prevents the cream from separating from the milk

Standardization

Adjusts the amount of fat in milk

Organic dairies

Cows and calves are fed 100% organic feed, milk replacers are prohibited

Milking parlor types

Tie stall, side opening, herringbone, parallel, robotic, rotary/carousel

Most common confinement for large dairies

Free stalls

Cow comfort

Stall comfort, floor surfaces, heat abatement

Breeds of dairy cow

Holstein, red and white, jersey, brown swiss, guernsey, ayrshire, milking shorthorn

Female bovine who has never had a calf

Heifer

Female bovine who has had a calf/calves

Cow

Casted male bovine

Steer

Intact male bovine

Bull

female animal (heifer or cow) who is close to calving

Springer

Cow who recently gave birth

Fresh cow

Beef cattle breeds

Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Brahman, Highlands

General cattle safety guidelines

When moving move slowly and deliberately, be confident of your movements, do not make sudden movements, sneak up on cattle, or chase the cattle

Guideline for working with an individual bovine

Stand close to the bovine you are working with

General production timeline for beef cattle

Breeding (9 months gestation), calving, weaning (6-8 months), stocker/feedlot (5-18 months)

Seedstock producers

Also called purebred breeders, provide superior genetics to influence the beef cattle industry