1848-49

Who did Charles Albert, king of Piedmont, join in a customs union and legal reform?

Pope Pius IX and Tuscany

What was the Statuto?

A constitution granted by Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, in 1847.

What did Pius IX do to incite crowds in Rome to chant ‘O sommo Pio’?

Release political prisoners

1/3 of Austrian tax revenue came from which two wealthy Italian states?

Lombardy-Venetia

How much of Austrian tax revenue came from Lombardy-Venetia?

1/3

What happened at Ferrara in 1847?

Austrian troops occupied the town causing the Pope to lodge a formal protest and asking the lord to bless ‘Italia’.

What is subsistence farming?

Farming just enough food to feed oneself. In a good year any surplus may be sold at market.

What caused maize and wheat prices to rise in 1847?

Europe wide harvest failure and shortages

What was the average life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

24

What did the Sicilians blame their rulers in Naples for in 1836?

Cholera outbreak that killed 65,000

Which city did the Italian revolutions of 1848 break out in?

Palermo, Sicily

Who were the lazzaroni?

Poor peasant masses of Naples

The King of Naples was forced to withdraw from Sicily in 1848 and introduce a constitution. Who was he?

Ferdinand II

Which two states followed Naples and introduced constitutions in February 1848?

Tuscany and the Papal States

What type of monarchy did Charles Albert create in Piedmont?

Constitutional Monarchy

Austria had problems at home too. There were uprisings in the capital city. What was the capital?

Vienna

Where were ‘Five Glorious Days’?

Milan, Lombardy

What did the ‘Five Glorious Days’ achieve in the short term?

Anti Austrian uprising causes General Radetzky to withdraw and gains an alliance with Piedmont

Who set up the Venetian Republic known as the Republic of St Mark?

Daniel Manin

What was Pius’ Allocution of April 1848?

Pius, afraid of upsetting Austria, publicly stated that he did not support war, did not want to lead Italy and called Charles Albert an aggressor.

What do the Sicilians declare in April that isn’t very pro Italian Unification?

Sicilian independence

After early military wins, how does Charles Albert show a lack of commitment to unity?

Refuses to accept recruits to his army that won’t swear loyalty to him. Garibaldi is refused.

In which battle does Radetzky crush Charles Albert on 24th July?

Custozza, Lombardy

The Piedmontese are expelled from Lombardy on the 11th August, what was the name of the armistice?

Armistice of Salasco

Ferdinand crushes the uprising in Sicily, earning himself what nickname?

King Bomba

Why does the Pope flee Rome in November 1848?

His anti-liberal PM, Count Rossi, is murdered by a mob

Who set up the Costituente in Rome, which later created the Roman Republic?

Giuseppe Galletti

Charles Albert attempted to fight the Austrians again in March 1849, but was defeated where?

Battle of Novara

Name the 3 members of the Roman Triumvirate.

Mazzini, Armellini and Saffi

List the liberal reforms introduced by the Roman Republic.

Legal reform, slum clearance, ended press censorship, abolished the death penalty, removed church control of education, promised a constitution.

Who replaced Charles Albert when he abdicated in March 1849?

His son, Victor Emmanuel II

Why did Louis Napoleon send 20,000 French troops to defeat the Roman Republic in April?

To help the Catholic Church and gain favour at home

How long did General Giuseppe Garibaldi and the volunteer Republican army hold off the French?

2 months

What was Piedmont’s punishment for supporting revolution against Austria?

Reparations of 65 million francs

Which revolt was the last to fail?

Republic of Venice in August 1849 due to Cholera outbreaks and hunger

Until what date did the French troops stay in Rome protecting the Pope?

1870