EA 9!

Contraction of circular muscles in small intestine that churn digestive materials

Segmentation

Physically breaking food into smaller pieces with teeth

Mechanical digestion

Action or process of swallowing

Deglutition

Chewing

Mastication

Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents of digestive tract

Peristalsis

Ball like mixture of food and saliva formed during chewing

Bolus

Enzyme mediated hydrolysis of food into absorbable nutrients

Chemical digestion

Protein molecules that function as biological catalysts

Enzyme

Semi fluid pulp formed in stomach from partially digested food and secretions

Chyme

Enzyme that breaks down starches and carbohydrates into simple sugars

Amylase

Location where amylase is produced

Salivary glands and pancreas

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

Protease

Protease produced in the stomach

Pepsin

Protease produced in the pancreas

Trypsin

Protease produced in the small intestine

Peptidase

Enzyme that breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Lipase

Locations where lipase is produced

Mouth stomach pancreas and small intestine

Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

Nucleases

Location where nucleases are produced

Pancreas

Tubular glands located in stomach fundus and body

Gastric glands

Tubular glands located in pyloric part of stomach

Pyloric glands

Primary secretion of pyloric glands

Mucous

Five main cell types located in gastric glands

Mucous cells parietal cells chief cells stem cells enteroendocrine cells

Substance secreted by parietal cells that provides acidic environment for pepsin

HCL hydrochloric acid

Appetite stimulating hormone secreted by parietal cells

Ghrelin

Glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells that aids vitamin B12 absorption

Intrinsic factor

Substances secreted by chief cells

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Inactive proenzyme secreted by chief cells

Pepsinogen

Process that activates pepsinogen

Conversion to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in gastric lumen

Active proteolytic enzyme produced in stomach

Pepsin

Reason fat digestion is inhibited in stomach

Low pH of gastric juice

Primary protective mechanism preventing stomach self digestion

Mucus

Milk protein digesting enzyme present in infants

Rennin

Hormone produced by G cells in gastric glands

Gastrin

Enteroendocrine cells that inhibit gastrin release

D cells

Hormone released by D cells

Somatostatin

Phase of gastric control preparing stomach to receive food

Cephalic phase

Phase of gastric control beginning when food enters stomach

Gastric phase

Phase of gastric control beginning when chyme enters duodenum

Intestinal phase

Reflex decreasing parasympathetic impulses and slowing stomach activity

Enterogastric reflex

Exocrine cells of pancreas

Acinar cells

Substance secreted by acinar cells

Alkaline pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate ions

Hormones controlling pancreatic secretions

Secretin and cholecystokinin

Pancreatic proenzyme converted to trypsin

Trypsinogen

Pancreatic proenzyme converted to chymotrypsin

Chymotrypsinogen

Pancreatic proenzyme converted to carboxypeptidase

Procarboxypeptidase

Pancreatic proenzyme converted to elastase

Proelastase

Cells of liver that produce bile

Hepatocytes

Only bile component with digestive function

Bile acids bile salts

Function of bile acids

Emulsification of fats

Temporary transport vesicles formed during fat digestion

Micelles

Action when micelles contact enterocytes

Release their cargo and are reused

Fat droplets formed inside enterocytes

Chylomicrons

Structures that absorb chylomicrons from villi

Lacteals

Fat rich lymph produced in intestine

Chyle

Muscle that relaxes to allow bile to enter duodenum

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Condition formed when bile components become concentrated

Gallstones

Digestive enzymes embedded in intestinal cell membranes

Microvilli

Intestinal enzymes that split peptides into amino acids

Peptidases

Monosaccharides found in diet

Glucose fructose galactose

Disaccharides found in diet

Sucrose lactose maltose

Enzyme that splits sucrose into glucose and fructose

Sucrase

Enzyme that splits lactose into glucose and galactose

Lactase

Enzyme that splits maltose into glucose

Maltase

Structures increasing surface area for absorption in small intestine

Intestinal villi

Hormones that stimulate pancreas to release secretions

Cholecystokinin and secretin

Hormone stimulating increased production of gastric juice

Gastrin

Hormone released when fatty chyme enters duodenum causing gallbladder contraction

Cholecystokinin

Hormone that stimulates liver to increase bile output

Secretin

Hormone released from duodenal mucosa in response to acidic chyme

Secretin

Hormone released by G cells when partially digested proteins reach duodenum

Gastrin

Hormone stimulating pancreas to secrete bicarbonate rich fluid

Secretin

Three common simple sugars in diet

Glucose fructose galactose

Examples of disaccharides

Lactose maltose sucrose

Simplest form proteins are digested into

Amino acids

Building blocks of fats

Fatty acids and glycerol

Most important simple sugar blood sugar

Glucose

Inflammation of abdominal serosa

Peritonitis

Reflux of acidic gastric juice into esophagus

Heartburn

Yellow discoloration indicating liver or bile duct problems

Jaundice

Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa

Ulcer

Passage of watery stools

Diarrhea

Pain associated with prolonged storage of bile in gallbladder

Gallstones

Inability to pass feces

Constipation

Inflammation of appendix

Appendicitis