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Balance Theory
A theory of attitude change suggesting that people prefer harmony and consistency among their thoughts, feelings, and social relationships.
Cannon-Bard Theory
A theory of emotion stating that emotional and physiological reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously.
Cognitive Dissonance
A psychological state of discomfort caused by holding two contradictory beliefs or behaviors at the same time.
Core Values
Fundamental beliefs or principles that guide attitudes and behaviors.
Display Rules
Cultural norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed.
Drive
An internal state that motivates behaviors aimed at fulfilling a need or reducing discomfort.
Emotion
A complex state of feeling that involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from external rewards like money, praise, or avoiding punishment.
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.
Ideal Affect
The emotional states people ideally want to feel.
Incentives
External stimuli or rewards that motivate behaviors.
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from within, such as personal satisfaction or a sense of achievement.
James-Lange Theory
A theory of emotion suggesting that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.
Motivation
The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented behavior.
Need
A biological or psychological requirement essential for well-being.
Need Hierarchy
Maslow’s theory that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and moving up to self-actualization.
Need to Belong
A fundamental human need for interpersonal connections and social relationships.
Primary Emotions
Basic emotions such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust that are universally recognized.
Secondary Emotions
Emotions that are blends of primary emotions and more culturally specific, such as guilt, pride, or embarrassment.
Self-Actualization
The realization of one’s full potential, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Self-Affirmation
The process of maintaining self-integrity by affirming one’s core values.
Self-Efficacy
The belief in one’s ability to achieve specific goals.
Self-Regulation
The process of controlling one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts in pursuit of long-term goals.
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)
A theory of emotion suggesting that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for emotion.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance improves with arousal to a point, after which it declines.
Allostatic Load
The cumulative wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress.
Biopsychosocial Model
A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.
Buffering Hypothesis
The idea that social support protects individuals from the harmful effects of stress.
Coping Response
Any attempt made to avoid, escape from, or minimize a stressor.
Balance Theory
If you like your friend and your friend likes a political candidate, you are likely to develop positive feelings toward that candidate to maintain cognitive balance.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Seeing a snake would cause both fear and increased heart rate at the same time.
Cognitive Dissonance
Feeling uneasy after smoking while knowing it causes harm.
Core Values
Integrity might guide someone to always tell the truth, even in difficult situations.
Display Rules
In some cultures, it’s inappropriate to show anger in public, while in others it is more accepted.
Drive
Hunger drives someone to eat.
Emotion
Fear causes a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and a feeling of dread.
Extrinsic Motivation
Working extra hours for a bonus.
Homeostasis
Sweating to cool down the body when it gets too hot.
Ideal Affect
In some cultures, feeling calm and peaceful is more desirable than excitement.
Incentives
A student works hard to earn a scholarship.
Intrinsic Motivation
Learning a new skill because it’s personally rewarding.
James-Lange Theory
Seeing a bear causes your heart to race, and then you feel fear.
Motivation
Feeling motivated to work out to improve fitness.
Need
The want for food or belonging.
Need Hierarchy
Someone focusing on self-esteem might have already satisfied their need for safety and belonging.
Need to Belong
Seeking friendships in a new environment to feel a sense of belonging.
Primary Emotions
Feeling fear in response to a dangerous situation.
Secondary Emotions
Feeling pride after receiving a promotion.
Self-Actualization
A musician fully expressing their creative abilities.
Self-Affirmation
Reminding yourself of your competence after receiving negative feedback
Self-Efficacy
A student with high self-efficacy believes they can succeed in challenging courses.
Self-Regulation
Resisting the temptation to go out and study for an important exam instead.
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)
Feeling excited after attributing an increased heart rate to receiving good news.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Feeling moderately nervous before a test can enhance performance, but too much anxiety might impair focus.
Allostatic Load
Long-term work stress leading to health issues like high blood pressure.
Biopsychosocial Model
The development of heart disease can be influenced by genetics (biological), stress (psychological), and socioeconomic status (social).
Buffering Hypothesis
Having friends to talk to during a stressful work project helps reduce anxiety.
Coping Response
Exercising or meditating to cope with anxiety.
Emotion-Focused Coping
After receiving a poor grade, someone might watch a movie to distract themselves from their disappointment.
Fight-or-Flight Response
When confronted with a dangerous situation, like seeing a car speeding toward you, your body reacts by increasing your heart rate and preparing your muscles for quick action.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A student facing constant academic pressure may first feel alarmed, then adapt to the stress by studying harder, but eventually become exhausted and experience burnout.
Health Behaviors
Regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep are all examples of positive health behaviors.
Health Disparities
People from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often have less access to healthcare, leading to disparities in health outcomes like higher rates of chronic diseases.
Health Psychology
someone who studies how stress affects recovery from surgery and work on interventions to improve patient outcomes.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
When you experience a stressful event, like giving a public speech, the HPA axis activates, releasing cortisol to help manage the stress.
Immigrant Paradox
Immigrants to the U.S. often have better health outcomes compared to native-born individuals, despite facing socioeconomic disadvantages.
Immune System
When you catch a cold, your immune system fights off the virus by producing white blood cells to eliminate the infection.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) target viruses and bacteria in your body to protect you from infections.
Primary Appraisals
When receiving a challenging assignment, you might assess whether it's a threat (overwhelming) or an opportunity (a chance to show your skills).
Problem-Focused Coping
If you’re struggling with a big project, you might break it down into smaller tasks and create a plan to complete each section over time.
Secondary Appraisals
After deciding that an upcoming exam is stressful, you evaluate whether you have the resources (study materials, time) to manage it effectively.
Socioeconomic Status
Someone from a low socioeconomic status might have limited access to education and healthcare, impacting their overall life outcomes.
Stress
Preparing for a job interview might cause…, leading to symptoms like a racing heart and trouble sleeping.
Stressor
Moving to a new city, financial difficulties, or workplace deadlines can all be stressors that challenge an individual’s coping abilities.
Tend-and-Befriend Response
In a stressful situation, such as dealing with a sick family member, someone might reach out to friends or caregivers for help, forming a support network.
Type A Behavior Pattern
A person might be highly competitive, time-conscious, and prone to frustration, often leading to stress-related health issues.
Well-Being
Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining positive relationships, and achieving a sense of purpose in life are all indicators of high well-being.
emotion-focused coping
try to make your self better by distracting yourself
problem-focused coping
do something to target the problem
emotion-focused coping
you have an exam the next day but instead of studying you’ll watch a movie to make yourself feel better.
problem-focused coping
study for the exam your stressed about so you do better on it.
anticipatory coping
you think a stressor is coming in the future so you begin to cope with it before it happens.
anticipatory coping
someone in your family is sick so you begin to grieve their death before they actually die.
downward comparison
comparing ourselves to those who are worse off than us on the comparison point
downward comparison
you get a bad grade on a quiz but once you hear that someone did worse that you than you feel better about your grade
Creation of positive events
looking for the silver lining in everything (not always a good thing)
Hardiness
a personality trait that helps people cope with stress and adapt to change
Hardiness
you deal with something life-changing and cope with it by helping other people deal with their life-changing event.
buffering hypothesis
a theory holding that the presence of a social support system helps buffer, or shield, an individual from the negative impact of stressful events.
buffering hypothesis
if you have a good group of supportive people in your life they will be able to protect/ carry the burden of stressors from your life.
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