Chapter 10 and 11 psych 102

Balance Theory

A theory of attitude change suggesting that people prefer harmony and consistency among their thoughts, feelings, and social relationships.

Cannon-Bard Theory

A theory of emotion stating that emotional and physiological reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously.

Cognitive Dissonance

A psychological state of discomfort caused by holding two contradictory beliefs or behaviors at the same time.

Core Values

Fundamental beliefs or principles that guide attitudes and behaviors.

Display Rules

Cultural norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed.

Drive

An internal state that motivates behaviors aimed at fulfilling a need or reducing discomfort.

Emotion

A complex state of feeling that involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from external rewards like money, praise, or avoiding punishment.

Homeostasis

The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.

Ideal Affect

The emotional states people ideally want to feel.

Incentives

External stimuli or rewards that motivate behaviors.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within, such as personal satisfaction or a sense of achievement.

James-Lange Theory

A theory of emotion suggesting that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented behavior.

Need

A biological or psychological requirement essential for well-being.

Need Hierarchy

Maslow’s theory that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and moving up to self-actualization.

Need to Belong

A fundamental human need for interpersonal connections and social relationships.

Primary Emotions

Basic emotions such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust that are universally recognized.

Secondary Emotions

Emotions that are blends of primary emotions and more culturally specific, such as guilt, pride, or embarrassment.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one’s full potential, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Self-Affirmation

The process of maintaining self-integrity by affirming one’s core values.

Self-Efficacy

The belief in one’s ability to achieve specific goals.

Self-Regulation

The process of controlling one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts in pursuit of long-term goals.

Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)

A theory of emotion suggesting that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for emotion.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance improves with arousal to a point, after which it declines.

Allostatic Load

The cumulative wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress.

Biopsychosocial Model

A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.

Buffering Hypothesis

The idea that social support protects individuals from the harmful effects of stress.

Coping Response

Any attempt made to avoid, escape from, or minimize a stressor.

Balance Theory

If you like your friend and your friend likes a political candidate, you are likely to develop positive feelings toward that candidate to maintain cognitive balance.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Seeing a snake would cause both fear and increased heart rate at the same time.

Cognitive Dissonance

Feeling uneasy after smoking while knowing it causes harm.

Core Values

Integrity might guide someone to always tell the truth, even in difficult situations.

Display Rules

In some cultures, it’s inappropriate to show anger in public, while in others it is more accepted.

Drive

Hunger drives someone to eat.

Emotion

Fear causes a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and a feeling of dread.

Extrinsic Motivation

Working extra hours for a bonus.

Homeostasis

Sweating to cool down the body when it gets too hot.

Ideal Affect

In some cultures, feeling calm and peaceful is more desirable than excitement.

Incentives

A student works hard to earn a scholarship.

Intrinsic Motivation

Learning a new skill because it’s personally rewarding.

James-Lange Theory

Seeing a bear causes your heart to race, and then you feel fear.

Motivation

Feeling motivated to work out to improve fitness.

Need

The want for food or belonging.

Need Hierarchy

Someone focusing on self-esteem might have already satisfied their need for safety and belonging.

Need to Belong

Seeking friendships in a new environment to feel a sense of belonging.

Primary Emotions

Feeling fear in response to a dangerous situation.

Secondary Emotions

Feeling pride after receiving a promotion.

Self-Actualization

A musician fully expressing their creative abilities.

Self-Affirmation

Reminding yourself of your competence after receiving negative feedback

Self-Efficacy

A student with high self-efficacy believes they can succeed in challenging courses.

Self-Regulation

Resisting the temptation to go out and study for an important exam instead.

Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)

Feeling excited after attributing an increased heart rate to receiving good news.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Feeling moderately nervous before a test can enhance performance, but too much anxiety might impair focus.

Allostatic Load

Long-term work stress leading to health issues like high blood pressure.

Biopsychosocial Model

The development of heart disease can be influenced by genetics (biological), stress (psychological), and socioeconomic status (social).

Buffering Hypothesis

Having friends to talk to during a stressful work project helps reduce anxiety.

Coping Response

Exercising or meditating to cope with anxiety.

Emotion-Focused Coping

After receiving a poor grade, someone might watch a movie to distract themselves from their disappointment.

Fight-or-Flight Response

When confronted with a dangerous situation, like seeing a car speeding toward you, your body reacts by increasing your heart rate and preparing your muscles for quick action.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A student facing constant academic pressure may first feel alarmed, then adapt to the stress by studying harder, but eventually become exhausted and experience burnout.

Health Behaviors

Regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep are all examples of positive health behaviors.

Health Disparities

People from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often have less access to healthcare, leading to disparities in health outcomes like higher rates of chronic diseases.

Health Psychology

someone who studies how stress affects recovery from surgery and work on interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

When you experience a stressful event, like giving a public speech, the HPA axis activates, releasing cortisol to help manage the stress.

Immigrant Paradox

Immigrants to the U.S. often have better health outcomes compared to native-born individuals, despite facing socioeconomic disadvantages.

Immune System

When you catch a cold, your immune system fights off the virus by producing white blood cells to eliminate the infection.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) target viruses and bacteria in your body to protect you from infections.

Primary Appraisals

When receiving a challenging assignment, you might assess whether it's a threat (overwhelming) or an opportunity (a chance to show your skills).

Problem-Focused Coping

If you’re struggling with a big project, you might break it down into smaller tasks and create a plan to complete each section over time.

Secondary Appraisals

After deciding that an upcoming exam is stressful, you evaluate whether you have the resources (study materials, time) to manage it effectively.

Socioeconomic Status

Someone from a low socioeconomic status might have limited access to education and healthcare, impacting their overall life outcomes.

Stress

Preparing for a job interview might cause…, leading to symptoms like a racing heart and trouble sleeping.

Stressor

Moving to a new city, financial difficulties, or workplace deadlines can all be stressors that challenge an individual’s coping abilities.

Tend-and-Befriend Response

In a stressful situation, such as dealing with a sick family member, someone might reach out to friends or caregivers for help, forming a support network.

Type A Behavior Pattern

A person might be highly competitive, time-conscious, and prone to frustration, often leading to stress-related health issues.

Well-Being

Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining positive relationships, and achieving a sense of purpose in life are all indicators of high well-being.

emotion-focused coping

try to make your self better by distracting yourself

problem-focused coping

do something to target the problem

emotion-focused coping

you have an exam the next day but instead of studying you’ll watch a movie to make yourself feel better.

problem-focused coping

study for the exam your stressed about so you do better on it.

anticipatory coping

you think a stressor is coming in the future so you begin to cope with it before it happens.

anticipatory coping

someone in your family is sick so you begin to grieve their death before they actually die.

downward comparison

comparing ourselves to those who are worse off than us on the comparison point

downward comparison

you get a bad grade on a quiz but once you hear that someone did worse that you than you feel better about your grade

Creation of positive events

looking for the silver lining in everything (not always a good thing)

Hardiness

a personality trait that helps people cope with stress and adapt to change

Hardiness

you deal with something life-changing and cope with it by helping other people deal with their life-changing event.

buffering hypothesis

a theory holding that the presence of a social support system helps buffer, or shield, an individual from the negative impact of stressful events.

buffering hypothesis

if you have a good group of supportive people in your life they will be able to protect/ carry the burden of stressors from your life.