Chapter 10 and 11 psych 102
Here’s a comprehensive study guide that includes definitions, examples, and application questions for each term.
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### 1. Balance Theory
- Definition: A theory of attitude change suggesting that people prefer harmony and consistency among their thoughts, feelings, and social relationships.
- Example: If you like your friend and your friend likes a political candidate, you are likely to develop positive feelings toward that candidate to maintain cognitive balance.
- Application Question: How might balance theory explain your reaction if a close friend disagrees with your opinion on a favorite TV show?
---
### 2. Cannon-Bard Theory
- Definition: A theory of emotion stating that emotional and physiological reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously.
- Example: Seeing a snake would cause both fear and increased heart rate at the same time.
- Application Question: How would the Cannon-Bard theory explain the experience of fear when someone hears a loud noise unexpectedly?
---
### 3. Cognitive Dissonance
- Definition: A psychological state of discomfort caused by holding two contradictory beliefs or behaviors at the same time.
- Example: Feeling uneasy after smoking while knowing it causes harm.
- Application Question: How might cognitive dissonance affect your motivation to change unhealthy eating habits?
---
### 4. Core Values
- Definition: Fundamental beliefs or principles that guide attitudes and behaviors.
- Example: Integrity might guide someone to always tell the truth, even in difficult situations.
- Application Question: How do core values influence decision-making in morally ambiguous situations?
---
### 5. Display Rules
- Definition: Cultural norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed.
- Example: In some cultures, it’s inappropriate to show anger in public, while in others it is more accepted.
- Application Question: How might display rules differ between Eastern and Western cultures when expressing emotions like sadness or frustration?
---
### 6. Drive
- Definition: An internal state that motivates behaviors aimed at fulfilling a need or reducing discomfort.
- Example: Hunger drives someone to eat.
- Application Question: How would drive-reduction theory explain your motivation to study when you feel anxious about an upcoming exam?
---
### 7. Emotion
- Definition: A complex state of feeling that involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
- Example: Fear causes a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and a feeling of dread.
- Application Question: How do emotions like anger or happiness affect your daily decision-making process?
---
### 8. Extrinsic Motivation
- Definition: Motivation that comes from external rewards like money, praise, or avoiding punishment.
- Example: Working extra hours for a bonus.
- Application Question: How might extrinsic motivation impact your performance on tasks you don’t enjoy?
---
### 9. Homeostasis
- Definition: The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Example: Sweating to cool down the body when it gets too hot.
- Application Question: How does homeostasis relate to the body’s response to stress?
---
### 10. Ideal Affect
- Definition: The emotional states people ideally want to feel.
- Example: In some cultures, feeling calm and peaceful is more desirable than excitement.
- Application Question: How do cultural differences in ideal affect influence how people seek happiness?
---
### 11. Incentives
- Definition: External stimuli or rewards that motivate behaviors.
- Example: A student works hard to earn a scholarship.
- Application Question: How might an incentive-based system in the workplace affect employee productivity?
---
### 12. Intrinsic Motivation
- Definition: Motivation that comes from within, such as personal satisfaction or a sense of achievement.
- Example: Learning a new skill because it’s personally rewarding.
- Application Question: How can intrinsic motivation help you sustain long-term goals, like learning a new language?
---
### 13. James-Lange Theory
- Definition: A theory of emotion suggesting that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.
- Example: Seeing a bear causes your heart to race, and then you feel fear.
- Application Question: According to the James-Lange theory, how would your body’s reaction influence your experience of fear during a horror movie?
---
### 14. Motivation
- Definition: The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented behavior.
- Example: Feeling motivated to work out to improve fitness.
- Application Question: How does motivation influence your ability to achieve academic or personal goals?
---
### 15. Need
- Definition: A biological or psychological requirement essential for well-being.
- Example: The need for food or belonging.
- Application Question: How does an unmet need, such as the need for belonging, affect your emotional well-being?
---
### 16. Need Hierarchy
- Definition: Maslow’s theory that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and moving up to self-actualization.
- Example: Someone focusing on self-esteem might have already satisfied their need for safety and belonging.
- Application Question: How would a student’s focus on self-actualization be impacted by financial insecurity?
---
### 17. Need to Belong
- Definition: A fundamental human need for interpersonal connections and social relationships.
- Example: Seeking friendships in a new environment to feel a sense of belonging.
- Application Question: How might the need to belong influence your decision to join a student club or social group?
---
### 18. Primary Emotions
- Definition: Basic emotions such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust that are universally recognized.
- Example: Feeling fear in response to a dangerous situation.
- Application Question: How do primary emotions contribute to survival?
---
### 19. Secondary Emotions
- Definition: Emotions that are blends of primary emotions and more culturally specific, such as guilt, pride, or embarrassment.
- Example: Feeling pride after receiving a promotion.
- Application Question: How do secondary emotions shape your relationships and social behavior?
---
### 20. Self-Actualization
- Definition: The realization of one’s full potential, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
- Example: A musician fully expressing their creative abilities.
- Application Question: What personal or societal factors might hinder your progress toward self-actualization?
---
### 21. Self-Affirmation
- Definition: The process of maintaining self-integrity by affirming one’s core values.
- Example: Reminding yourself of your competence after receiving negative feedback.
- Application Question: How can self-affirmation help you cope with failure or setbacks?
---
### 22. Self-Efficacy
- Definition: The belief in one’s ability to achieve specific goals.
- Example: A student with high self-efficacy believes they can succeed in challenging courses.
- Application Question: How might self-efficacy influence your approach to learning new skills?
---
### 23. Self-Regulation
- Definition: The process of controlling one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts in pursuit of long-term goals.
- Example: Resisting the temptation to go out and study for an important exam instead.
- Application Question: How does self-regulation contribute to achieving long-term fitness or academic goals?
---
### 24. Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)
- Definition: A theory of emotion suggesting that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for emotion.
- Example: Feeling excited after attributing an increased heart rate to receiving good news.
- Application Question: How would you interpret an increased heart rate during a job interview using the two-factor theory?
---
### 25. Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Definition: The principle that performance improves with arousal to a point, after which it declines.
- Example: Feeling moderately nervous before a test can enhance performance, but too much anxiety might impair focus.
- Application Question: How might the Yerkes-Dodson law explain your performance during high-pressure situations like public speaking?
---
### 26. Allostatic Load
- Definition: The cumulative wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress.
- Example: Long-term work stress leading to health issues like high blood pressure.
- Application Question: How can chronic stress from academic pressures contribute to allostatic load over time?
---
### 27. Biopsychosocial Model
- Definition: A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.
- Example: The development of heart disease can be influenced by genetics (biological), stress (psychological), and socioeconomic status (social).
- Application Question: How would the biopsychosocial model explain someone’s recovery from a serious illness?
---
### 28. Buffering Hypothesis
- Definition: The idea that social support protects individuals from the harmful effects of stress.
- Example: Having friends to talk to during a stressful work project helps reduce anxiety.
- Application Question: How can social support buffer the effects of academic stress during finals week?
---
### 29. Coping Response
- Definition: Any attempt made to avoid, escape from, or minimize a stressor.
- Example: Exercising or meditating to cope with anxiety.
- Application Question: What type of coping responses do you use when dealing with stress
Here’s a comprehensive study guide that includes definitions, examples, and application questions for each term.
---
### 1. Balance Theory
- Definition: A theory of attitude change suggesting that people prefer harmony and consistency among their thoughts, feelings, and social relationships.
- Example: If you like your friend and your friend likes a political candidate, you are likely to develop positive feelings toward that candidate to maintain cognitive balance.
- Application Question: How might balance theory explain your reaction if a close friend disagrees with your opinion on a favorite TV show?
---
### 2. Cannon-Bard Theory
- Definition: A theory of emotion stating that emotional and physiological reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously.
- Example: Seeing a snake would cause both fear and increased heart rate at the same time.
- Application Question: How would the Cannon-Bard theory explain the experience of fear when someone hears a loud noise unexpectedly?
---
### 3. Cognitive Dissonance
- Definition: A psychological state of discomfort caused by holding two contradictory beliefs or behaviors at the same time.
- Example: Feeling uneasy after smoking while knowing it causes harm.
- Application Question: How might cognitive dissonance affect your motivation to change unhealthy eating habits?
---
### 4. Core Values
- Definition: Fundamental beliefs or principles that guide attitudes and behaviors.
- Example: Integrity might guide someone to always tell the truth, even in difficult situations.
- Application Question: How do core values influence decision-making in morally ambiguous situations?
---
### 5. Display Rules
- Definition: Cultural norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed.
- Example: In some cultures, it’s inappropriate to show anger in public, while in others it is more accepted.
- Application Question: How might display rules differ between Eastern and Western cultures when expressing emotions like sadness or frustration?
---
### 6. Drive
- Definition: An internal state that motivates behaviors aimed at fulfilling a need or reducing discomfort.
- Example: Hunger drives someone to eat.
- Application Question: How would drive-reduction theory explain your motivation to study when you feel anxious about an upcoming exam?
---
### 7. Emotion
- Definition: A complex state of feeling that involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
- Example: Fear causes a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and a feeling of dread.
- Application Question: How do emotions like anger or happiness affect your daily decision-making process?
---
### 8. Extrinsic Motivation
- Definition: Motivation that comes from external rewards like money, praise, or avoiding punishment.
- Example: Working extra hours for a bonus.
- Application Question: How might extrinsic motivation impact your performance on tasks you don’t enjoy?
---
### 9. Homeostasis
- Definition: The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Example: Sweating to cool down the body when it gets too hot.
- Application Question: How does homeostasis relate to the body’s response to stress?
---
### 10. Ideal Affect
- Definition: The emotional states people ideally want to feel.
- Example: In some cultures, feeling calm and peaceful is more desirable than excitement.
- Application Question: How do cultural differences in ideal affect influence how people seek happiness?
---
### 11. Incentives
- Definition: External stimuli or rewards that motivate behaviors.
- Example: A student works hard to earn a scholarship.
- Application Question: How might an incentive-based system in the workplace affect employee productivity?
---
### 12. Intrinsic Motivation
- Definition: Motivation that comes from within, such as personal satisfaction or a sense of achievement.
- Example: Learning a new skill because it’s personally rewarding.
- Application Question: How can intrinsic motivation help you sustain long-term goals, like learning a new language?
---
### 13. James-Lange Theory
- Definition: A theory of emotion suggesting that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.
- Example: Seeing a bear causes your heart to race, and then you feel fear.
- Application Question: According to the James-Lange theory, how would your body’s reaction influence your experience of fear during a horror movie?
---
### 14. Motivation
- Definition: The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-oriented behavior.
- Example: Feeling motivated to work out to improve fitness.
- Application Question: How does motivation influence your ability to achieve academic or personal goals?
---
### 15. Need
- Definition: A biological or psychological requirement essential for well-being.
- Example: The need for food or belonging.
- Application Question: How does an unmet need, such as the need for belonging, affect your emotional well-being?
---
### 16. Need Hierarchy
- Definition: Maslow’s theory that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and moving up to self-actualization.
- Example: Someone focusing on self-esteem might have already satisfied their need for safety and belonging.
- Application Question: How would a student’s focus on self-actualization be impacted by financial insecurity?
---
### 17. Need to Belong
- Definition: A fundamental human need for interpersonal connections and social relationships.
- Example: Seeking friendships in a new environment to feel a sense of belonging.
- Application Question: How might the need to belong influence your decision to join a student club or social group?
---
### 18. Primary Emotions
- Definition: Basic emotions such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust that are universally recognized.
- Example: Feeling fear in response to a dangerous situation.
- Application Question: How do primary emotions contribute to survival?
---
### 19. Secondary Emotions
- Definition: Emotions that are blends of primary emotions and more culturally specific, such as guilt, pride, or embarrassment.
- Example: Feeling pride after receiving a promotion.
- Application Question: How do secondary emotions shape your relationships and social behavior?
---
### 20. Self-Actualization
- Definition: The realization of one’s full potential, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
- Example: A musician fully expressing their creative abilities.
- Application Question: What personal or societal factors might hinder your progress toward self-actualization?
---
### 21. Self-Affirmation
- Definition: The process of maintaining self-integrity by affirming one’s core values.
- Example: Reminding yourself of your competence after receiving negative feedback.
- Application Question: How can self-affirmation help you cope with failure or setbacks?
---
### 22. Self-Efficacy
- Definition: The belief in one’s ability to achieve specific goals.
- Example: A student with high self-efficacy believes they can succeed in challenging courses.
- Application Question: How might self-efficacy influence your approach to learning new skills?
---
### 23. Self-Regulation
- Definition: The process of controlling one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts in pursuit of long-term goals.
- Example: Resisting the temptation to go out and study for an important exam instead.
- Application Question: How does self-regulation contribute to achieving long-term fitness or academic goals?
---
### 24. Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)
- Definition: A theory of emotion suggesting that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for emotion.
- Example: Feeling excited after attributing an increased heart rate to receiving good news.
- Application Question: How would you interpret an increased heart rate during a job interview using the two-factor theory?
---
### 25. Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Definition: The principle that performance improves with arousal to a point, after which it declines.
- Example: Feeling moderately nervous before a test can enhance performance, but too much anxiety might impair focus.
- Application Question: How might the Yerkes-Dodson law explain your performance during high-pressure situations like public speaking?
---
### 26. Allostatic Load
- Definition: The cumulative wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress.
- Example: Long-term work stress leading to health issues like high blood pressure.
- Application Question: How can chronic stress from academic pressures contribute to allostatic load over time?
---
### 27. Biopsychosocial Model
- Definition: A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.
- Example: The development of heart disease can be influenced by genetics (biological), stress (psychological), and socioeconomic status (social).
- Application Question: How would the biopsychosocial model explain someone’s recovery from a serious illness?
---
### 28. Buffering Hypothesis
- Definition: The idea that social support protects individuals from the harmful effects of stress.
- Example: Having friends to talk to during a stressful work project helps reduce anxiety.
- Application Question: How can social support buffer the effects of academic stress during finals week?
---
### 29. Coping Response
- Definition: Any attempt made to avoid, escape from, or minimize a stressor.
- Example: Exercising or meditating to cope with anxiety.
- Application Question: What type of coping responses do you use when dealing with stress
