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virtus
A Roman term associated with virtue and excellence, particularly in the context of military bravery and honor.
disciplinia
Discipline; a crucial aspect of Roman military training and organization.
phalanx
A military formation employing a dense grouping of soldiers, commonly used by Macedonian forces.
manubiae
Proceeds derived from the sale of war spoils, which were often diverted for personal gain by generals.
praeda
Loot seized by soldiers upon the orders of their commander, equitably distributed by rank.
socii
Allies of Rome, especially those from Italy, who sought citizenship and equal rights.
Julius Caesar
A key Roman leader whose actions would significantly affect the course of Roman history.
Marius’ Mules
A nickname for soldiers who carried heavy loads of standardized equipment as a result of Marius' military reforms.
Cimbrian War
A conflict from 104-101 BCE where Marius defended Rome against the Cimbri and Teutones.
legatus
A commander in the Roman army, usually responsible for a group of legions.
veto
A political tool used in Rome, notably by tribunes, to block government actions.
proscriptio
A public list of individuals marked for execution or confiscation of property, notably used by Sulla.
cohortes
A reorganized structure of the Roman army, replacing traditional maniples with larger units.
Centuria
A century, a basic unit of the Roman army consisting of approximately 80 men.
Veteris
Old or traditional; often used in contrast to new developments.
Cohorts and Legions
The restructuring of the Roman military, where legions transitioned from maniples to cohort formations.
Triumph
A significant celebration in ancient Rome marking a military victory, highlighted by a procession.
Optio
An executive officer under a centurion, responsible for various tactical and administrative tasks.
tesserarius
A staff officer in a Roman legion responsible for communication and maintaining order.
centurio
A centurion, a commander of a century in the Roman army, responsible for training and leading soldiers.
Gladius
A short sword used by Roman soldiers, known for its effectiveness in close combat.
Testudo
A military formation where soldiers aligned their shields to form a protective cover from above.
Auxilia
Non-citizen troops who supported the Roman legions, often providing additional infantry and cavalry.
Acies
The battle line of troops in the Roman army, arranged for combat.
Imperator
A title awarded to a victorious general, which later became associated with the emperors of Rome.
Tribune
An officer in the Roman army, often serving as an advisor to the legate.
Legion
A large unit of the Roman army, typically consisting of around 5,000 soldiers.
Corvus
A boarding device used by Roman ships during naval battles to secure enemy vessels.
Praefectus
A commander of a cohort or a specific unit within the Roman army.
Fala
A military formation used by Roman cavalry, allowing for quick maneuverability.
