High School CS and Certification

Flashcards about High School CS and Certification

Decomposition

Breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts.

Recognizing Patterns

Identifying similarities and recurring elements within a problem or across different problems.

Abstraction

Simplifying a problem by focusing on relevant details and ignoring unnecessary information.

Designing Algorithms

Creating a step-by-step procedure or set of rules to solve a problem.

Data

Raw facts and figures.

Process

Transforming input data into a meaningful output.

Output

The result of processing data.

Storage

Retaining processed or unprocessed data for later use.

Computer Program

A set of instructions for a computer to execute.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

High-Level Language

Programming languages that resemble human language.

Assembly Language

Programming languages that are closer to machine code.

Machine Language

The language that a computer can directly understand, represented in binary code.

Syntax

The rules governing the structure and grammar of a programming language.

Comments

Explanatory text within code that is ignored by the compiler or interpreter.

Variable

A named storage location in a computer's memory that can hold a value.

Data Type

The type of data that a variable can hold (e.g., integer, string, boolean).

Integer

A data type representing whole numbers (e.g., -3, 0, 42).

Floating Point

A data type representing numbers with fractional parts (e.g., 3.14, -0.5).

Boolean

A data type with two possible values: true or false.

Expressions

A construct that performs operations on values to produce a result.

Digital Divide

A condition that prevents people from accessing technology due to social, cultural, geographical, or economic factors.

MOOCs

Massive Open Online Course.

Libraries

Pre-written code and functions that can be reused in programs.

APIs

Application Programming Interfaces.

Procedure

A named block of code that performs a specific task.

Flow Charts

A diagram that uses symbols and lines to represent the steps in a process or algorithm.

Selection

A programming construct that allows a program to make decisions based on conditions.

Iterations

A programming construct that allows a block of code to be executed repeatedly.

While Loop

A loop that continues as long as a condition is true.

For Loop

A loop that executes a block of code a specific number of times.

Do-While Loop

A loop that executes a block of code at least once, then checks a condition to determine if it should repeat.

Recursion

A programming technique where a procedure calls itself.

Data Structures

Ways of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.

Arrays

A linear data structure where elements are stored in contiguous memory locations.

Stack

A data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle.

Queues

A data structure that follows the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle.

Dictionary/Map

A data structure that stores data in key-value pairs.

Object-Oriented Programming

A programming approach that focuses on breaking down a program into objects, which contain data and behavior.

OOP: Encapsulation

An object's attributes (data) and methods (behavior) are bundled together.

OOP: Abstraction

Hiding the implementation details of an object and exposing only the necessary interface to interact with it.

Heuristic Programming

A programming paradigms that uses a trial and error approach to solve problems.

Event-Driven Programming

A programming paradigms that is built around events.

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

A visual representation of a class, including its attributes and methods.

Linear Search

A search algorithm that sequentially checks each element in a list until the target value is found or the end of the list is reached.

Binary Search

A search algorithm that repeatedly divides a sorted list in half until the target value is found or the sublist is empty.

Bubble Sort

A sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.

Insertion Sort

A sorting algorithm that builds a sorted sublist by repeatedly inserting the next element from the unsorted portion into the correct position in the sorted sublist.

Selection Sort

A sorting algorithm that repeatedly finds the minimum element from the unsorted portion of the list and swaps it with the element at the beginning of the unsorted portion.

Merge Sort

A sorting algorithm that divides the list into two halves, recursively sorts each half, and then merges the sorted halves.

Algorithmic Analysis

Analyzing the performance of an algorithm in terms of its time and space complexity.

Hardware

The physical components of a computer system.

Software

The programs and data that run on a computer system.

Operating System

Software that controls the hardware and provides a platform for running applications.

Encoding

Transforming data from one format to another for more efficient transmission or processing.

Decoding

Transforming encoded data back to its original form.

Binary

A number system with base 2, using only the digits 0 and 1.

Hexadecimal

A number system with base 16, using the digits 0-9 and the letters A-F.

Bitwise Operations: Binary AND

A logical operation that returns 1 if both inputs are 1, and 0 otherwise.

Bitwise Operations: Binary OR

A logical operation that returns 1 if at least one input is 1, and 0 otherwise.

Bitwise Operations: Binary XOR

A logical operation that returns 1 if the inputs are different, and 0 if they are the same.

Lossless Compression

Compression that reduces file size without losing any data.

Lossy Compression

Compression that reduces file size by discarding some data.

Network

A group of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other.

Network Load

The volume of traffic that passes over a network connection.

Protocol

A set of rules that govern how devices on a network communicate with each other.

IP Addresses

A unique numerical address assigned to each device on a network.

Client and Server Relationship

A relationship where one device (the client) requests information from another device (the server).

Web Address Latency

The average time it takes for data to travel between two points on a network.

Internet of Things (IoT)

A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.

Models and Simulations

Using models and simulations to provide alternative experiences.

Crowdsourcing

Obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, especially from the online community.

Data Encryption

Conversion of a message (plain text) into a form that is unreadable.

Data Decryption

Conversion of an unreadable message into a readable message.

Hacking

Unauthorized access, use, and modification of software, computer systems, and/or networks.