Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration

the release of large amounts of energy, made available as ATP, from the breakdown of molecules, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

Dehydrogenation

when one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule

Oxidative phosphorylation

occurs on the inner membranes of the mitochondria in aerobic respiration. The energy for making ATP comes from oxidation-reduction reactions and is released in the transfer of electrons along a chain of electron carrier molecules. 

Substrate level phosphorylation

occurs when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP to make ATP in glycolysis, or when enough energy is released for a reaction to bind ADP to inorganic phosphate.

What are the 4 stages in aerobic respiration

glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

Stage 1 of aerobic respiration

glycolysis, occurs in solution in the cytoplasm and generates pyruvate, ATP and reduced NAD. 

Stage 2 of aerobic respiration

the link reaction, occurs in solution in the matrix of the mitochondrion. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A. 

Stage 3 of aerobic respiration

the Krebs cycle, occurs in solution in the mitochondrial matrix generates carbon dioxide and reduced NAD and FAD. 

Stage 4 of aerobic respiration

The electron transport chain, occurs on the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane, in which the energy from protons and electrons generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 

Summarise what each one turn of the Krebs cycle produces

1 ATP, 3 molecules of reduced NAD, 1 molecule of reduced FAD and 2 molecules of CO2

Why is oxygen referred to as the ‘final electron acceptor’

It is essential since it removes protons and electrons.

For each molecule of glucose entering the Krebs cycle, the electron transport system receives…

10 reduced NAD which generates 30 ATP and 2 reduced FAD which generates 4 ATP

What happens if cyanide non-competitively inhibits the final carrier in the electron transport chain

electrons and protons cannot be transferred to water, destroying the proton gradient

What is ATP used for

Protein synthesis, active transport, exocytosis and muscle contraction

Aerobic respiration equation

C6H12O6+6O2—>6H2O+6CO2

Endergonic

takes in energy in some form

Exergonic

releases energy in some form

what is ATPase

enzyme that synthesises ATP

Coenzyme

A small, non-protein, organic molecule that helps enzymes function, often by carrying chemical groups between reactions

Enzyme

A protein molecule that speeds up reactions as it acts as a biological catalyst, doesn’t get used up.

What are the coenzymes used in aerobic respiration

NAD, FAD and CoA

For each FAD, how many ATP are produced

2 ATP

For each NAD, how many ATP are produced

3 ATP

For each glucose molecule, how many ATP are produced

38

Chemiosmotic gradient

An electrochemical gradient

How many ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in Glycolysis

4

How many ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle

2

How many ATP are made by oxidative phosphorylation in Glycolysis

6

How many ATP are made by oxidative phosphorylation in the Link reaction

6

How many ATP are made by oxidative phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle

22