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classical liberal key thinkers
Locke
Wollstonecraft
JS Mill
Modern liberal thinkers
Freidan
Rawls
TH Green
father of liberalism
Locke
Locke famous book
Two treatises of government, considered cornerstone of liberal thought
who developed idea of state of nature
locke, his was different to the one developed by Hobbes
who came up with idea of government by consent
locke
who is associated with idea of limited government
locke
Locke on human nature
human beings are rational and guided by the pursuit of self interest but still mindful of others
locke on the state
representative, based on the consent of those governed and limited
locke on society
predates the state, there were natural societies with natural laws and natural rights
locke on the economy
should be based on respect for natural right to property and mediate effectively between individuals competing for trade and resources
Wollstonecraft on human nature
rationalism defines both genders
Wollstonecraft on the state
monarchical state should be replaced by a republic which enshrines women’s rights
Wollstonecraft on society
existing society infantilises women and thus stifles their individualism
Wollstonecraft on the economy
a free market economy would be energised by the enterprise of liberated women
Wollstonecraft on government by consent
women not being able to vote was a blatant violation of Locke’s principle of government by consent
Wollstonecraft and French revolution
applauded their emphasis on citizens and apparent indifferences to gender difference
JS Mill on human nature
mankind is selfish yet empathetic so they value their individual liberty but also the plight of others
JS Mill on the state
state should proceed cautiously towards representative democracy as it may erode minority rights
JS Mill on society
the best society is one where individuality co exists with tolerance and self betterment
JS Mill on the economy
Laissez faire capitalism is vital to progress and individualism
JS Mill book
‘on liberty’ which set out principle we now call negative liberty
who came up with harm principle
JS Mill
Self regarding and other regarding actions
JS Mill’s way of clarifying tolerance
self regarding actions
like religious worship or the expression of personal views which do not harm others
other regarding actions
like violent behaviour which clearly harmed the freedom of others, should be forbidden by liberal state
TH Green on human nature
human beings are guided mainly by reason but their reason is increasingly affected by economic and social circumstances
TH Green on the state
state should actively eliminate social and economic obstacles to individual liberty
TH Green on society
society was fundamentally changed by industrialisation which in turn has caused a need for a reappraisal of the meaning of freedom
TH Green on the economy
a free market economy is the most conducive to individualism, but it can threaten equality of opportunity
Friedan on human nature
human nature has evolved in a way that discourages self advancement amongst women
Friedan on the state
state should legislate to prevent continued discrimination against women
Friedan on society
society remains chauvinistic towards women but women are complicit in their repression
Friedan on the economy
free market capitalism should be an ally of female emancipation if allied to legislation banning gender discrimination
who came up with developmental individualism
JS Mill
Who developed idea of negative liberty
TH Green
Who is linked with idea of enabling state
John Rawls
what idea on equality did rawls develop
extended foundational equality to also mean greater social and economic equality