Studied by 27 people
imperialism
the expansion of one country’s political, economic, and military influence over another country
purchasing of alaska (1867)
Russia and Great Britain laid competing claims to the territory, and William Seward (Lincoln and then Johnsons secretary of state) proposed a purchase of the territory.
In 1898 gold was discovered there, so the US was like maybe imperialism is kinda good
Imperialists
Saw the success from the gold in Alaska and was like we should keep doing that
Wanted to secure new markets for American goods (manufactured items and agricultural goods)
Used social darwinism (survival of the fittest) as justification, afraid that US might be seen as a second class nation
Racial motives- White anglo Saxon race was the pinnacle of evolution
Reverend Josiah Strong
imperialist- argued that it was the Christian duty to expand Christianity to lesser countries and people
Alfred Thayer Mahan
imperialist- wrote a book that argued any country that was on the world stage got that way because of a robust navy, which was the only way to secure foreign markets
Congress approved tue construction of big new fleets of ships- whoo we’re imperialists!!
Anti-imperialists
argued for self determination for nations
believed america had a long history of isolationism from foreign affairs- washington wrote in his speech to not be part of foreign affairs because they have consequences beyond our control (war, economic disputes…)
Believed citizens of colonized countries should become US citizens under the constitution and didn’t want that.
Self determination for nations
Nations should be able to decide for themselves who ruled them and what laws were passed
Panama Canal
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) allowed US to build CANAL in Panama, Columbia. This let them have quicker access to Asia.
Roosevelt Corollary
the US was the police that managed Latin America. BIG STICK DIPLOMACY: the US can use force in Latin America. Walk gently, but with a big stick
Yellow journalism
A group of journalists competing with each other for more readership under competing leaderships of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
Published increasingly sensational stories that were barely true, not very ethical
(Industrials really wanted Cuba, Spains imperial colony) , Exaggerated atrocities of the Spanish on Cuba and the U.S. was like “oh no we need to interfere!”- which established a naval presence on island
USS Maine Explosion (1898)
Yellow journalists claimed it was ignited by Spanish because they didn’t like the U.S. interfering in Cuba (it wasn’t)
President McKinley issued ultimatum to Spain to back off or they’ll go to war and then Spain was like backing off and then the U.S. was like no we’re going to war.
The victory of the Spanish American war launched the U.S. into imperialism
Platt Amendment (effects of Spanish American war)
Cuba was independent but the amendment allowed the U.S. to intervene militarily in Cuba if American economic interests were threatened, so Cuba couldn’t really manage its own foreign policy.
Annexation of the Philippines
Annexed from Spain
Before the war was over assistant secretary of the navy Teddy Roosevelt sent new navy into the Philippines and bombarded Spanish fleet stationed there. They allied with the Philippine nationals and overthrew the Spanish.
Filippinos thought the U.S. was helping them gain independence but they were just replacing the Spanish so under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo tried to throw off U.S. rule (war lasted 3 years, limited conflict lasted 10 years).
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
Wanted land closer to the U.S.
American settlers overthrew Hawaiian monarch queen Liliuokalani in 1893
Open Door Policy
China carved up economically into European spheres of influence. John Hay sent an open door note to European powers in China asking to observe open door trading privileges in China, Europe didn’t exactly reject them so yay!! America held onto trading rights in the highly desired Asian market.
Progressive causes (Protestant church leaders, African Americans, Feminists…)
All agreed that society, on some level, was deteriorating and the only cure was significant government intervention
combat growing power of big businesses
Uncertainties in the economy caused by Great Panic of 1893
Increasingly violent conflicts between labor groups and their employees
Political machine power
Jim Crow segregation in the South
Lack of women’s suffrage
Alcohol (Prohibition)
Muckrakers
Progressive Era journalists
Named dubbed by Teddy Roosevelt (bad mean bu hao)
Sought to expose the rooten underbelly of American corruption.
The Jungle- Upton Sinclair
A story that exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry
Ida Tarbell
Published an exposé on Rockefellers standard oil company
Jacob Riis
Photo journalist. His book “How the Other Half Lives” exposed the unsanitary and disease ridden living conditions of New Yorks poor and working class people.
Secret Ballot
Expansion of Democracy
Voting was done in secret because prior political bosses could keep power because they dulled out favors to members of the community in exchange for votes and the bosses could see who people voted for.
17th amendment(Direct Election of Senators) (1913)
Expansion of Democracy
Constitutionally, senators were elected by state legislatures. The amendment transferred the election of senators to the people
18th Amendment (prohibition)
Expansion of Democracy
Mainly women who fought for it. Forbade the manufacturing and sale of alcohol.
19th amendment (1920)
Expansion of Democracy
Women’s voting rights!!!
Legislative Reforms
Expansion of Democracy
Answer to the problem that once a politicians elected they could decide to ignore the voice of the people
Initiative
Expansion of Democracy//Legislative Reforms
Voters could require legislators to consider a bill that they chose to ignore
Referendum
Expansion of Democracy//Legislative Reforms
Voters themselves could vote on the adoption of proposed laws
Recall
Expansion of Democracy//Legislative Reforms
A way to remove a corrupt politician before their term was complete
Frederick Taylors Scientific Management
Made factory work more efficient and increased productivity and profits. Some progressives thought that it could work on wasted government energy.
Niagara Movement
Led by W.E.B. Dubois, met frequently to plan protests and other acts
NAACP!!
Goal to abolish all forms of segregation and expand opportunities for Black children.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Made racial segregation legal
Anthracite Coal strike (1902)
Strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners struck for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to major American cities.
It strengthened moderate labor leaders and progressive businessmen who championed negotiations as a way to labor peace.
Square Deal
Because of the Anthracite Coal Strike, Teddy Roosevelt promised a square deal, where he wouldn’t side with businesses leaders or minors and offered a fair deal for both.
Sherman Anti Trust Act (Trust Buster)
Broke up monopolistic businesses
Pure Food and Drug Act
Ensured consumers clean meat
Meat Inspection Act
Ensured consumers that meat packing plants conformed to a minimum standard of sanitation
Forest Reserve Act (1891)
Reserved 158 million acres of unspoiled land
Total War
When a country mobilizes much of its economic, industrial, and social resources in order to win
Taylorism
Frederick Taylor
the science of dividing specific tasks to allow employees to complete assignments as efficiently as possible
War Industries Board
(Taylorism)
Coordinated labor and management to keep factories producing war related materials
Food Administration
(Taylorism)
Made sure that food production was sufficient for troops at home
Espionage Act/ Sedition Act
Made it a crime to oppose the war or interfere with the draft or say anything disloyal about the war effort
Schenck v. the US
Charles Schenck and others in the Socialist Party wrote pamphlets urging young men to resist the draft.
Decided freedom of speech is not absolute, if the speech constitutes a clear and present danger then it is constitutional to silence it.
Spanish Flu
Federal Government forbade publications that revealed the true death toll and true dangers on count of it damaging morale for the war effort.
Red Scare
Anti-Communist sentiment, started in 1919
Began to fear communist infiltration because of the success of the Russian Revolution
Led to further Xenophobia- the fear and distrust of people from other countries- which then led to further immigration restrictions
Palmer Raids
At the height of the Red Scare
General Mitchell Palmer tasked official J. Edgar Hoover to gather information on suspected radicals. Ordered mass arrests of socialists and radicals and labor union leaders, over 65,000 arrested and over 500 deported
Emergency Quota Act (1921), National Origins Act (1924)
Set quota for accepting new immigrants very low, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia
Great Migration
A huge portion of the southern black population migrated to northern urban industrial centers, mainly to escape the oppressive atmosphere of the south society.
Finding Jobs- Northern cities were experiencing a big BOOM! in industry and there was no cheap immigrant work because of the restrictions and they needed workers
Discrimination still there, not entrenched in the legal structures
Jim Crow Laws
Separate but equal
Black people were often disenfranchised because poll taxes and literacy tests were required to gain access to voting
Tulsa Race Riots/ Tulsa Massacre (1921)
White woman claimed a black shoe shiner assaulted her. A white mob assembled to lynch the black man and black people rose up to intervene
Resulted in the mass destruction of property in neighborhoods, left 10,000+ homeless, 300+ killed
Henry Ford-Assembly Line (Model T)
Large conveyor belt from worker to worker, made it efficient and lowered prices of cars
Cities were remade for automobiles with roads becoming a dominant urban feature.
Many American’s standard of living rose
Sigmund Freud- Study of human psychology
Advertisers learned how to promote their products through ads that attempted to tap into the subconscious of their customers.
Popular Culture
Radios- Many American houses had them for broadcasts, news, entertainment
Cinema- Almost ¾ of America attended films weekly by the end of the 1920s, was the end of the Silent film era. Spreading a form of homogenized national culture
Emphasized regional and cultural differences- race, ethnicity, origin. Distinction led to the Harlem Renaissance for Black culture.
Flappers
Challenged norms for women (cutting hair short, smoking, showing their ankles :0…) A symbol of women’s liberation in the 20s
Nativism
Effort to protect the rights of native born citizens against the interest of immigrants.
Feared they lose their jobs to cheaper immigrant work
Feared the pollution of the white race
Harlem Renaissance
Revival of the arts and intellectual pursuits of recently migrated Black population (great migration)
Birth of Jazz- Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington
Writers- Langston Hughes, Claud McKay
Lost Generation
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway
Writing carried themes of pervasive materialism that plagued American culture and waste of life and resources expended in WWI.
Modernists
Urban Protestants
Faith was large enough to embrace the changing culture (Darwins theory, changing gender roles…)
Fundamentalists
Rural Protestants
Condemned the degradation of the morals they saw in the city, believed the Bible must be taken literally
Scopes Monkey Trial
It was illegal in Tennessee to teach evolution but John Scopes did and was arrested.
Was sentenced but then overturned, proved modernists over fundamentalists.
Black Tuesday (October 29 1929)
Stock Market Crash
Mainly caused by farmers overproducing for several years therefore was in severe debt, overproduction and high tariffs
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Signed by Hoover, crippled U.S.’s ability to sell its excess products on a global market
Buying on Margin (Speculation)
Risky investment behavior— it became a common practice to borrow money for stocks because it was assumed that stocks would keep rising.
Hoovervilles
People who lost their homes took residence in the shanty towns, which were named after Hoover to criticize Hoovers laissez-faire economic policy.
Hoover- Depression
Republican, believed the economy would correct itself overtime so had minimal government intervention
Election-1932
Roosevelt won because he was to opposite of Hoover, promised heavy government intervention
Limited Welfare State
Promised by Roosevelt, government would take responsibility for social and economic welfare for citizens.
NEW DEAL!!!
As a whole transformed the U.S. into a limited welfare state and seriously expanded the aims of modern American liberalism
RELIEF for the unemployed
RECOVERY for businesses
REFORM of economic institutions
Public Works administration
RELIEF
employed people to do federal infrastructure work
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
RELIEF
Hired people to run electric power plants to control flooding and erosion
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
RELIEF
Employed young men (18-24) to manage soil conservation and forest tree projects
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
RECOVERY
Believed the main factor of economic hardship was the cut throat competition in business that made wages low
Established codes to create security for workers (minimum wage, max working hours, regulated prices of certain products)
Glass Steagall Act (1933)
REFORM
Increased regulation in banks and limited ways banks could invest peoples money
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
REFORM
Guaranteed peoples bank deposits with federal money
Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)
REFORM
Regulate stock market and prevent tarnished behavior like buying on margin and insider trade
Social Security Act (1935)
second phase of new deal
Provided a safety net of incomes for workers over 65 years, part of workers wages were held on by government and given back at retirement age
Criticism of the New Deal
Liberals- Believed it did too much for big businesses at the expense of the unemployed and the poor
Conservatives- Believed it represented an extreme federal overreach- Took new deal to the Supreme Court, won some cases, and narrowed the scope of what part of the New Deal was constitutional or not.
Court Packing Scheme
Never materialized because people thought Roosevelt wanted too much power
Allowed the president to appoint new Supreme Court justices for every justice that was over 70, meaning Roosevelt could appoint 6 new judges.
Roosevelt wanted so there would be more support for the New Deal.
1920 Election
Warren G. Harding- said wanted U.S. to return back to a state of normalism
Americans wanted isolationism after WWI
Fordney McCumber Act
Raised tariffs dramatically, alongside Hawley-Smoot tariff, international trade decrease
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Pact signed among 63 nations including America. Tried to make war illegal or at least renounce war in principle.
Signed outside of the League of Nations so it was impossible to enforce
Showed the U.S. was trying to keep out of foreign policy like international wars
Rise of Fascism
Made America twitchy but not so much they wanted to get involved
Benito Mussolini-Italy
Adolf Hitler- Nazi Germany
Michinomiya Hirohito- Japan
Start of WWII
Many Americans argued for neutrality at first, pointed out the huge loss of lives in WWI
Nye Committee
Presented unflattering evidence that certain American corporations had made a lot of profit off of America’s involvement in WWI
Suggested that the pursuit of profits from these companies may have led us to war in the first place
Interventionists
Opposed isolationists
Argued it was foolish to isolate from the developments in Europe
Argued that the “Atlantic Ocean was a buffer” argument from before was no longer arguable because they were in an age of submarines and airplanes and Hitler could attack the U.S. at any time if Britain was defeated.
FDR’s attitude towards WWII
Thought U.S. intervention was proper but didn’t have the support of a largely isolationist American public
Gradually gave aids to the allies, mostly Great Britain (was involved in the war without being involved in the war)
Cash and Carry Program
Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a looser Neutrality Act that allowed any belligerent in the war to purchase armaments from the U.S. as long as they paid cash and used their own ships to transport them. Was in order to aid Great Britain.
Destroyers For Bases Program
U.S. exchanged America destroyers for land rights on various British possessions.
Lend Lease Act (1941)
Allowed Britain to obtain the arms they needed from the U.S. on credit
Pearl Harbor(December 7, 1941)
Japanese bombed naval base in Hawaii, resulted in death of 2400 Americans
Roosevelt asked for declaration of war against Japan, when it was granted Hitler declared war on the U.S.
War Productions Board/ Office of War Mobilization
Created by Roosevelt
Companies started manufacturing war supplies
Women in Factories (WWII)
Labor shortage since men were at war
Rosie the Riveter- poster to get women to work
Double V Campaign
Used by NAACP to encourage Black Americans to join the war for a victory in war and against racism at home
Black Americans in the military
still segregated
participated in war efforts to put the race issue on the national agenda
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN- flew in almost 1600 combat missions
Mexicans in war
Many agricultural workers left to join the war, so in 1942 a new provision was made to allow mexican farm workers to enter the U.S. to help plant and harvest without going through the normal immigration stuff.
Selective Service Act (1940)
First peacetime military draft in U.S. history
Japanese Relocation
Relocated many Japanese Americans (American citizens) to internment camps because they associated them with the hated Japanese and suspected them to be spies
Executive Order 9066
Issued by Roosevelt, authorized the federal government to relocate over 100,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps in the West, this applied to Japanese immigrants and their descendants who were born on American soil.
Korematsu v. The United States (1944)
Fred Korematsu refused to comply and was arrested. His case was taken to the Supreme Court where the American Civil Liberties Union represented him, arguing that the forced removal was an unconstitutional violation of the 5th amendment (Protects Americans from answering orders without indictment of the Grand Jury). The court ruled that the relocation was constitutional because it was a “martial necessity arising from the danger of espionage and sabotage.”
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Flashcard (21)