Alkaloids

Are a group of mildly alkaline compounds

Alkaloids

Alkaloids contain _____ atoms that are structurally related to _____

Nitrogen; Ammonia

Chemical rules designate that name of all alkaloids should end in ____

“ine”

Nitrogen exist as ____, _____, and _____

Primary amine (RNH2), Secondary amine (R2NH), and tertiary amine (R3N)

Alkaloids are extremely poisonous.

True

Are fungus that responsible for the mass poisoning due to ingestion of RYE BREAD in _____

Ergot; Europe

CURARE contains ____ that been beneficial for Indians in arrow poisoning

Tubocurarine

Socrates consumed draught of _____ from poison of _____

Coniine;hemlock

Host agents to treat disease conditions that range from malaria to cancer

Atropine, morphine, quinine, and vincristine

Use for eliminating enemies and political rivals

Atropine

Examples of Alkaloids

Atropine, Betel nut, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine

A French Apothecary who isolated the alkaloid known as Narcotine

Derosne (1803)

Inbestigated Opium and Morphine

Serturner (1806-1816)

Strychnine, emetine, brucine, piperine, caffeine, quinine, colchicine, and coniine

Pelletier & Caventou

Monocot Plants yielding Alkaloids

Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae

Alkaloid yielding plants

Apocynaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae, Berberidaceae

Free alkaloids are soluble in ______, ______, and ______

Ether, chloroform, and non-polar, immiscible solvents

Alkaloid salts are insoluble in ____ but soluble in _____

Organic solvents; water

Pharmacologic Actions: Analgesic and Narcotics

Morphine, and codeine

Pharmacologic Actions: Cetral stimulants

Strychnine, brucine

Pharmacologic Actions: Mydriatics

Atropine

Pharmacologic Actions: Miotics

Pilocarpine, Physostigmine

Pharmacologic Actions: Blood pressure

Ephedrine (Rise), Reserpine (Low)

Mayer' Reagent

Mercuric pot. Iodide

Marmes Reagent

pot. Cadmium iodide

Dragendorff’s Reagent

Bismuth Iodide

Soln. of iodine with iodide

Wagner’s Reagent

Phosphomolybdic acid

Sonnenscheins reagent

Phosphotungstic acid

Scheiblers reagent

Valser’s reagent

Mercuric iodide, Gold chloride, Tannic Acid, Picric Acid

Simple chemical reaction involves _______

Amino acids

Amino acids that serves as alkaloidal precursor:

Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, anthranilic acid, lysine, and ornithine

Classification of Alkaloids

Pyridine and Piperidine, Tropane, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Indole, Imidazole, Purine, and Steroidal

Examples of Pyridine and Piperidine

Arecoline, lobeline, nicotine

Examples of Tropane

Atropine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine

Examples of Quinoline

Quinine, Quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine

Examples of Isoquinoline

Hydrastine, tubocurarine, emetine, opium alkaloids

Ex. of Indole

Ergonovine, reserpine, strychnine

Ex. Imidazole

Pilocarpine

Examples of Purine

Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

Examples of Steroidal

Protoveratrine

AC of Tabaco

Nicotine/Nicotinic Acid

AC of Areca/Betel Nut

Arecoline

Ac of Lobelia Indian tabacco

Lobeline

Ac of Belladonna leaf/Nightshade leaf

Atropine

Ac of Henbane or Hyoscyamus

Hyoscyamine Scopolamine (Hyoscine)

Ac of Stramonium/ Jimson weed/Jamestown weed

Atropine

Ac of Coca leaves

Cocaine

Ac of Withania

Tropine/Pseudotropine Hygrine

Duboisia ac

Hyoscyamine; Hyoscine

Mandragora/ European Mandrake ac

Mandrogine; Hyoscyamine; Hyoscine

Cinchona Bark/Peruvian Bark

Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine, Cinchonidine

Cuprea Bark

Quinidine

Ipecac ac (Rio or Brazillian) Cartagena and Panama Ipecac

Emetine, Cephaeline, Psychotrine

Hydrastis (or Goldenseal)

Hydrastine, Berberine, Canadine

Sanguinaria or Bloodroot

Sanguinarine

Rauwolfia ac

Reserpine

Catharanthus or Vinca rosea ac

Vinblastine; Vincristine

Nux Vomica ac

Strychnine; Brucine

Curare or South American Arrow

Tubocurarine

Opium or Gum opium

Morphine; Codeine;Noscapine

Pilocarpus or Jaborandi

Pilocarpine; Pilosine

Physostigma or Calabar Bean or Ordeal bean

Physostigmine (Eserine)

Ergot;Rye Ergot; Secale cornutum

Ergonovine; Ergotamine

Kola; Cola or Kolanuts

Caffeine; Theobromine

Coffee bean, of coffee seed

Caffeine

Thea or Tea

Theine; Theobromine; Theophylline

Green or American Hellebore

Germidine, Germitrine

White or European Hellebore

Proveratrine A and B

Ephedra or Ma Huang

Ephedrine

Colchicine

Colchicine

Khat or Abyssinian Tea

Cathinone

Peyote or Mescal Buttons

Mescaline