Neurological Disorders Exam 3

general right hemisphere characteristics

spatial orientation, body awareness, facial recognition, processing more holistically, memory

arousal

general readiness to respond to environment; alertness

Right hemisphere functions

orientation

knowing who they are; where they are; what day it is; directing attention to something

attention

foundational behavior all others are built on

4 types of attention

sustained attention

vigilance

selective attention

divided/split attention

sustained attention

keepng your attention for a length of time

vigilince

paying attention and intentionally waiting for change

selective attention

competing stimuli, ignoring 1 and choosing to pay attention to the other

divided/split attention

attention on more than 1 at the same time

causes of RHD

CVA

tumors

TBI

neurological diseases

general characteristics of RHD

self-centered; inappropriate; uware of disease; tangential speech;

behaviors of patients with RHD

perceptual and attentional deficits

affective/ emotional deficits

communication deficits

anosognosia

denial of illness

perceptual and attentional deficits in RHD

neglect

prosopagnosia

constructional impairment

attentional deficits

disorientation

processes things in isolation

prosopagnosia

facial recognition deficits

constructional impairment

RHD; difficulty with puzzling, handwriting, putting pieces together

attentional deficits in RHD

reduced state of arousal

sustaining attention difficulty

can’t tune things out; selective attention

topographic disorientation

knows where they are, difficulty navigating a space

geographic disorientation

not orientated to where they are

reduplicative paramnesia

rare; false belief there are more than 1 of the same things

affective/emotional deficits in RHD

difficulty understanding emotions

difficulty stating the emotions depicted in a story

problems recognizing emotions in spoken sentences

can’t understand tone of voice

flat affect

communication deficits in RHD stat

50% of RHD have communication deficits

communication deficits in RHD

prosody

impaired discourse

semantic problems

pragmatic deficits

-also excessive and unrelated speech

traumatic brain injury

injury to the brain secondary to physical trauma or external force

TBI highest age group

15-24 and 65 and up

causes of TBI

car accident

motorcycle accident

falls

violence

sports

Types of TBI

Closed and open

penetrating/ open brain injury

piercing of the skull by an external object

menegines are torn

missiles

bullets, nail guns, knives

what causes more damage in a missle

higher velocity

size

projectile yaw

fragmentation

number of wounds

specific effects of open brain injuries

increase in intracranial pressure- swelling

death

fluctuating blood pressure

destruction of brain tissues

nonpenetrating / closed brain injury

skull can be fractured, but the meninges remain intact

causes of non penetrating brain injuries

accidents (industrial, sports)

falls

blow to the head

car accident

abuse

forces that cause non penetrating head injuries

external object strikes a stationary head with a degree of force

head moves back and forth because of a force somewhere else in the body

coup

is the initial blow

counter coup

counter blow

acceleration and decelleration in brain injuries

moving object strikes head or head is set into motion and then strikes a stationary object

more severe

linear acceleration

force applied to the midline (front to back) of the head which causes the head to move back in a straight or linear line

angular acceleration

diffuse axonal injury

side to side

more severe, more surface area impacted

nonacceleration in a closed brain injury

moving object hits restrained head

primary effects of a closed TBI

occur at the time of the trauma as a direct result of the linear or angular acceleration, deceleration, or non accelerating forces

primary effects examples

lacerations or fractures of the skull

diffuse axonal injury

brainstem injury

diffuse vascular injury

secondary effects of closed TBI

occur sometime after the trauma and are consequences of the primary injuries

secondary effects examples

intracranial hematoma

increases intracranial pressure

ischemic brain damage

seizures and infections

variables related to TBI recovery

severity

type

secondary injuries

age

duration of coma

level of consciousness

drug abuse

behavioral effects of TBI

coma

confusion and disoeientation

amnesia

memory problems

motor speech disorder

dysphagia

poor emotional control

communicative disorders associated with TBI

mutism

confused language

anomia

perseveration of verbal responses

Reduced word fluency

pragmatic difficulty

rambling

difficulty organizing thoughts

narrative cohesion

confused language in TBI

not aphasia; sayign sentences that fit the topic, but not accurate and doesn’t make sense- listener is confused

speech problems typically associated with TBI

dysarthria

respective recall

recalling things that are not right in front of you

prodecure memory

recalling steps to do somethinf

immediate memory

asking to recall it right after they heard it

short term memory

memory within the last week

cognitive deficits associated with TBI

memory problems

attention

reasoning / abstract thinking

problem solving

executive funtioning

memory TBI stat

75% of TBI have difficulty with memory

retrograde memory

difficulty recalling events before the TBI

tereograde

difficulty recalling events that occured after the TBI

need to add compare and contrast