Lingua inglese 1 (phonetics, variation, tourism)

Phonetics

The study of human speech sounds

Phonology

The study of how speech sounds are organized and used in (natural) languages

Grapheme

Smallest meaningful unit in the writting system (letters)

Phoneme

Smalles unit in the speech system of a language

Minimal Pairs

Pair of words tha are differentiated by one phoneme (sound) and have different meaning: mat - cat

Allophones

Variations of a phoneme that do not change meaning in a language

Place of articulation

The part of the vocal tract where airflow restriction occurs during the production of a consonant sound.

These are bilabial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar, palatal, palato-alveolar, velar, glottal.

the parts of the mouth that are involved in making speech sounds are called articulators. These are divided into active and passive articulators.

Manner of articulation

The way in which airflow is obstructed during the production of a consonant. They are: plosives, fricatives, affricatives, nasals and approximants

Voicing

The use of vocal cord vibration during the production of a phoneme. Voicing can result in voiced or voiceless consonants.

Plosives

Consonants produced by obstructing airflow completely and then releasing it, resulting in a small “explosion“ such as /p/, /t/, and /k/.

Fricatives

Consonants formed by forcing air through a narrow channel, creating friction. They are characterized by partial obstruction of airflow. e.g.: /f/, /s/, and /z/.

Diacritics

Signs added to letters (graphemes) to modify their pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words, such as accents, umlauts, or cedillas.

Elision

The omission of a sound or speech segment when speaking, likely to occur when clusters of consonants form. For example, lesson may be pronounced as "les'n"= /lesn/, I am may be pronounced as "I'm".

Liason

A phonetic phenomenon where speech segments are linked or joined resulting in a smoother pronunciation.

Often occurs with the intrusive /r/ : such as in 'law(r) and order'.

Assimilation

The process in phonetics where a speech segments changes to become more similar the preceding or following sound, often occurring in rapid speech.

Assimilation of place

Where a consonat changes its place of articulation. This can include sounds like 'input' pronounced as 'imput'. /n/ (alveolar) becomes /m/ (bilabial)

Coalecent Assimilation

A type of assimilation where two speech segments merge into one, such as /d/ and /j/ resulting in /dʒ/ as in 'did you' being pronounced as 'dijou'.

Assimilation of voice

A type of assimilation where a consonant changes from voiced to voiceless or vice-versa.

Assimilation of manner

A type of assimilation where a speech segment changes its manner of articulation. For example in ‘good night’ the /d/ alveolar plosive becomes the /n/ alveolar or nasal resulting in /gʊn naɪt/

Vowels are qualitatively divided into: (1)

The distance between the tongue and the palate categorizing them into closed vowel or open vowel based on the height of the tongue and its position in the mouth, thus classifying them into high, mid, or low vowels.

Vowels are qualitatively divided into: (2)

The position of the tongue in relation to the roof of the mouth, distinguishing them as front, central, or back vowels.

Vowels are qualitatively divided into: (3)

Lip position (rounded, neutral, unrounded) that influences vowel sound quality.

Vowels are quantitatively divided into:

Short vowels and long vowels and diphthongs based on duration, affecting sound production in speech.

Short vowels: cat, set, pit, lot

Long vowels / diphthongs: pool, beat, stone, go, say, cow

/i:/

Closed, front, unrounded vowel sound.

Sheep, beat, feet, please

/ɪ/

Lower-closed, front, unrounded vowel sound but shorter in duration. Seen in words like ship, bit, and sit.

/e/

Half-closed front, unrounded vowel sound, as in bed, head, and many.

/æ/

Open, front, unrounded vowel sound used in words like cat, bat, and stamp.

/u:/

A close back, rounded vowel sound found in words like food, mood, and blue.

/ʊ/

lower-close back, rounded vowel sound used in words like book, good, and foot.

/ɔ:/

closed lower/mid back rounded vowel sound used in words like board, afford, course, talk

/ə/ - schwa

A mid-central, neutral vowel sound commonly found in unstressed syllables, as in the first syllable of about or the second syllable of sofa.

/ɜ:/

A mid-central, open, unrounded vowel sound found in words like bird, word, hurt and fur.

/ʌ/

A mid-open back unrounded vowel sound commonly found in words like cup, love, and but.

/ɒ/

open back rounded vowel sound present in accents like British English, often found in words such as lot, thought, and dog.

/ɑ:/

A long back open unrounded vowel sound present in accents like Received Pronunciation, often found in words such as father, car, bar.

The diamesic variation depends on the context. TRUE FALSE

Diamesic variation refers to the differences in language use across different contexts, such as spoken vs written language or phone vs email. Therefore, the statement is TRUE.

Educational background affects the speakers’ accent. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Initial /p/, /t/, /k/ are often unaspirated in ScotEng. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

/ʍ/ vs /w/ in most EngEng accents keep the original contrast. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

In many cases, ScotEng's main verb “have” does not require “do-support”. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

AusEng /r/ is often less strongly retroflexed than in EngEng. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

In SirEng, the the /r/ is 1) normally a retroflex approximant 2) non-rhotic 3) only pronounced as a linking R 4) none of the above

non-rhotic

BrEng, AmEng, IndEng are examples of 1) Diatopic variation 2) Diastratic variation 3) Diamesic variation 4) Diachronic variation

Diatopic variation, it refers to geografical variation

/x/ in ScotEng words like “loch” and “dreich” is a 1) velar fricative 2) palatal fricative 3) velar plosive 4) uvular plosive

velar fricative

Clefting is frequently used with copular verbs in 1) SIrEng 2) ScotEng 3) AusEng 4) Welsh

SIrEng

Clefting

is a grammatical construction that rephrases a sentence to emphasize a particular element, often using forms of the verb "be". for example "It was John who called." the emphasis is on John as the subject.

Copular verbs

are verbs that link the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, providing information about the subject such as identity or description, commonly including forms of "be". for example "is", "are", "was", and "were".

In AusEng, we have: 1) Great diatopic variation 2) Little diastratic variation 3) Great diastratic variation 4) Varieties solely reflecting the social class

Little diastratic variatio; diastratic variation refers to social variation in language use across different social groups.

In AusEng, in unstressed syllables, we have 1) /ə/ rather than /ɪ/ 2) /ɪ/ rather than /ə/

/ə/ rather than /ɪ/

AusEng is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world TRUE FALSE

TRUE

AusEng follows RP in having /ɑː/ in laugh, path, grass, etc., and /æ/ in dance, sample, plant, branch, etc. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

In AusEng collective nouns usually take plural verbs, as in: The team are playing very badly. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

NZEng is phonetically but not phonologically very similar to AusEng. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

NZEng resembles AusEng in 1. preferring will to shall and should; 2. the pronunciation of the word bid; 3. the use of colloquial abbreviations ending in -/ei/. 4. having numerous Maori loanwords.

having numerous Maori loanwords.

Which, from the below, it is NOT an official language in South Africa? 1. Zulu 2. Tsonga 3. Xhosa 4. Tamil 5. Southern Sotho

Tamil

The SAfEng pronunciation of /ɪ/ is [i]: 1. before and after /k/, /g/ and /t/, 2. after /ʃ/, 3. after /h/ 4. word-finally

after /h/

SafEng has: 1. non-prevocalic r 2. intrusive r 3. linking r 4. flap [ɾ]

linking r

Which of these factors do not influence speakers’ pronunciation in Indian English? 1. the educational background 2. the age 3. the native language 4. the degree of exposure to native English

the age

Depending on the region, some IndEng varieties do not distinguished between: 1. /v/ and /w/ 2. /t/ and /d/; 3. /d/ and /θ/; 4. /s/ and /tʃ/.

/v/ and /w/

Diatopic variation

refers to variations in language that occur across different geographical regions.

It shows differences between pronunciation, spelling and vocabulary like british english vs american english

Diastratic Variation

Refers to the social variation that occurs depending on social group, social network and education

Diamesic Variation

Refers to the medium through which communication occurs, such as spoken or written forms, or using the phone vs texting

Diachronic Variation

Refers to the chronical or historical variation, languages evolve throughout time

Diaphasic or Diatypic Variation

Refers to the contextual-functional variation, it is determined by the context and purpose of the message for example domain specific language such as medicine, law or informal language in casual conversations.

Pidgin

When a local population speaks a foreign language and elements of their native language blends to create a simplified version of the language

Pidginization

is the process of creating a pidgin language, combining elements from multiple languages to facilitate communication between speakers of different native languages.

Creolization

The expansion process of a pidgin language until it evolves into a fully developed creole language, incorporating elements from multiple languages and becoming the first language of a community.

Creole

A stable, fully developed language that originates from a pidgin. When a pidgin becomes the first language of a community, it expands in structure and vocabulary to meet the communicative needs of its speakers, evolving into a creole.

Decreolization

The process in which a creole language gradually loses its distinct features and becomes more similar to the originallanguage, often resulting in simplification or reduction of creole elements.

Jamaican creole language

Jamaican Creole is believed to have emerged during the 17th and 18th centuries as a result of interactions between enslaved Africans, European colonizers, and other groups

borrow words: ganja = marijuana, dunny = money, licks + beating

Jamaican English is rhotic

child = /tʃɑil/ instead of /tʃʌɪld/.

daughter = /dɑ’tɑ/ instead of /dɔːtə/.

Tourism as a Specialised Discourse

Specific words and expressions used in the context of tourism.

Tourism Promotional Discourse

The language used to promote tourism as an industry, attracting customers.

Disneyfication

Turning a city into an artificial, commercial environment, often at the expense of local culture and authenticity.

LSPs (Languages for Specific Purposes)

Languages tailored for specific professional or academic fields, such as English for Tourism.

UNWTO (World Tourism Organization)

The United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.

Discourse Analysis (DA)

The study of language in use, examining both spoken and written texts within their social contexts.

Genre

A category of communicative events with shared purposes and similar patterns in structure, style, and content.

Register

A variety of language used in a particular social setting or context, characterized by specific vocabulary and grammar.

Lexicogrammar

The interdependence of vocabulary (lexis) and syntax (grammar).

Text Type

A category of text defined by its internal linguistic characteristics and communicative function (e.g., descriptive, narrative, expository).

Description

A text type focuses on describing a person, scene, or thing using carefully chosen vocabulary.

Narration

A text type involving telling a story or recounting a sequence of events, often using verbs in the past tense.

Exposition

A text type aimed at analyzing or explaining phenomena, presenting constitutive or constituent elements of a concept.

Argumentation

A text type that presents a thesis or argument, often in opposition to another viewpoint, using evaluative language.

Instruction

A text type designed to influence the reader's behavior by providing advice, commands, or regulations.

Advertisement

A paid, non-personal communication of information about products or services by an identified sponsor through mass media.

Hypergenre

A broad category encompassing various sub-genres, like advertising, that share a common function but exhibit diverse formal characteristics.

Multimodality

The combined use of different semiotic resources or modes of communication (textual, visual, aural) in a single message.

Slogan

A short, memorable phrase used in advertising to convey a key message or associate with a brand or product.

Brand

The authenticity perspective is grounded in the idea that the tourist is a sort of pilgrim in search of traditions, the past and current local life.

The strangerhood perspective

This perspective focuses on the desire of the contemporary self to search things that are different from his/her reality and to do so in an independent way.

The play perspective

In this perspective tourism is viewed as entertainment.

Rebranding

Marketing strategy meant to influence a consumers perception of a brand, product, or service.

Keywords

Lexical choices that evoke specific emotions and conjure up specific topics.

Euphoria technique

Resorting to positively-connoted words.

Ego-targeting

This technique has the function of singling out the reader from the crowd, thus making him/her feel unique, or at least special.

Catalogues, Brochures and Itineraries

Publications produced by both public and private institutions such as tourist offices, hotels and tour operators.

Tour Shell

Brochure or flyer containing artwork, graphics and/or illustrations with room available.

Collocations

The use of certain words together / a particular combination of words.