Studied by 36 people
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Refrence Maps
are designed for people to refer to general information about places
Political map
show + label human created boundaries + designations, countries, states, cities, capitals
Road Maps
Show + Label natural features, mountains, rivers, and deserts
Plat maps
show + label property lines + details of land ownership
Choropleth Maps
use various colors, shades of use color/pattern to show location + distribution of spatial data.
Dot distribution map
used to show specific location + distribution of something across a map. Each dot reps a specified quantity.
Graduated symbol maps
symbols of diff sizes to indicate diff amounts of something. Larger = more Smaller = less
cartogram
sizes of countries shown according to a specified variable. Area is distorted to show a variable
Isoline + topographic
use lines that connect points of = value to depict variations in data across space, used for weather + elevation
Cartographic scale
the way maps communicate ratio of it’s size to the size of what it reps.
small scale maps
show larger amount of area w/ less detail, global scale. ex: earth at night
large scale maps
show smaller amount of area w/ greater amount of detail. ex: north america at night
Absolute Location
exact precise
Relative location
relationship to another place
Absolute distance
can be measured w/ standard unit of length
relative distance
connections, contacts, movement, flow of things between 2 places.
Absolute direction
exact, precise: compass directions
relative direction
relative relationships ex: left, right, foward, backward
Clustering
close together
density
the # of something in a defined area
linear
straight line
disperased
spread out, far apart
circular
equally spaced from central point, forming circle
geometric
regular arrangement
random
no order
what do map projections distort?
S- shape
A- area
D- distance
D- direction
Mercator
purpose: navigation
strength- directions accurate, lines of lad + longitude meet at right angles
distorts- land masses
Peters:
purpose: spatial distributions (area)
strengths- sizes of land masses
distort- shapes
Conic:
purp- use in mid latitude countries??
strength: longitude converge, latitude curved, size/shape close
distort: direction, latitude lines converge at 1 pole
Robinson
purp- general use
strength- no major distort, shape globe like
distort: area, shape, size, direction.
connectivity
how well 2 locations tied together by roads etc
accessibility
how fast and easily people in 1 location interact w/ another
elevation
distance above sea level
landscape analysis
task of defining + describing landscapes
field observation
visiting a place and record information
spatial data
info tied to specific locations.
remote sensing
info from satellites that orbit earth.
aeriel photography
images made w/ planes.
geovisualizations
2D/3D interactive maps.
spatial approach
considers arrangement of phenomena being studied across surface of earth.
space
area between 2 or more phenomena.
location
where specific phenomena are located either on a system or relative to another location
place
specific human + physical characteristics of a location
site
characteristics at immediate location
ex: soil type, climate, labor force, human structures
situation
location of a place relative to its surroundings + connectivity w/ other places.
Sense of place
people perceive characteristics of places in diff ways based on their beliefs.
placelessness
inspires no emotional ties w/ people or lacks uniqueness
toponyms
place names
time-space compression
shrinking “time distance”/ relative distance between locations because of transportation and communication
human-environmental interaction
connection + exchange between humans + natural world
renewable resources
theoretically unlimited + will not be depleted based on use by people.
land use
how land is utilized, modified, organized.
built enviornment
physical artifacts humans created + form part of landscape
cultural ecology
study of how people adapt to environment
environmental determinism
belief landforms + climate are most powerful sources shaping human behavior + societal development while ignoring influence of culture
possibilism
reaction to environmental determinism, acknowledges limits of effects of natural environment + focuses on role of human culture.
global scale
whole world
world regional scale
multiple countries of world
national scale
1 country
national regional scale
portion of country or region w/in a country. ex; midwest
local scale
province, state, city, country, neighborhood
aggregation
geographers organize data into diff scales, census tract, city, county, or country.
regions
have boundaries, unifying characteristics, cover space, and created by people
formal/ uniform regions
are unified by one or more traits
functional/ nodal regions
united by networks of communication, transportation, and other interactions
perceptual/vernacular regions
boundaries are dependent upon who is defining them
ex: middle east, upstate ny, the south
world sub regions
share some characteristics w/ rest of the larger region but distinctive in some ways
ex: latin america covers parts of north america + south america from mex to chile, brazil roman catholic like rest of latin america but speaks portuguese
National, Subnational, local regions
subdivisons based on elements of physical geography such as climate + landform, culture, politics, economics
ex: western europe can be divided into northwestern europe and southern europe
spatial interactions
contact, movement, and flow of things between loctions.
flow
refers to patterns + movement of ideas, people, products, other phenomena.
friction of distance
when things are far apart they are less connected.
distance decay
things are more connected the closer they are
patterns
general arrangement of things being studied
distribution
the way a phenomena is spread out
spatial association
matching patterns of distribution, 2 or more phenomena may be related w/ one another
Note 
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