Classification

Crop classification

is the process of grouping crops together based on their shared characteristics.

• To facilitate identification and understanding of crops.

• To improve crop management.

• To improve crop breeding and development.

• To improve crop marketing and trade.

• To promote sustainable agriculture.

Reasons for Classifying crops

The botanical system

classifies crops based on their shared evolutionary history.

The botanical system classification

is the most widely used system of crop classification because it is based on scientific principles. However, it can be difficult to use for practical purposes, such as crop management and marketing.

The botanical system classification

This means that crops are grouped together based on their common ancestor, such as their family, genus, and species.

Functional Classification

is more practical than the botanical system, but it is less scientific

Functional Classification

This means that crops are grouped together based on how they are used, such as food crops, feed crops, fiber crops, and ornamental crops.

Functional Classification

classifies crops based on their economic use.

Taxonomy

is an organized system for descriptive classification of plants

nomenclature

is a system of assigning names to plants.

international Board of Plant Nomenclature.

The science of plant taxonomy is coordinated by the

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).

international Board of Plant Nomenclature make the rules in accordance with

• To ensure accuracy and consistency

• ✓To promote international cooperation

• ✓To protect intellectual property

• ✓To prevent fraud and deception

Regulating nomenclature and crop classification.

Poaceae (Grass Family)

• monocot plants with parallel-veined leaves

• hollow, jointed stems

Poaceae (Grass Family)

• wind-polinated flowers arranged in spikelets

• fiborous root systems

• palay - oryza sativa

• zea mays - corn

• wheat - triticum aestivum

• sugarcane - saccharum officinarum

• bamboo - bambusa spp.

example of grass family and their scientific name

fabaceae (legume family)

• nitrogen fixation thru rhizobium bacteria'

• pinnate or trifoliate leaves

fabaceae (legume family)

• pod-like fruits

• zygomorphic flowers

• soybean - glycine max

• peanut - arachis hypogaea

• chickpea - cicer arietinum

• common bean - phaseolus vulgaris

• alfalfa - medicago sativa

example of fabaceae (legume family)

gramineae

other name poaceae

leguminosae

fabaceae other name

nightshade family

other name for solanaceae

solanaceae

• herbs, shrubs, or vines

• Contain alkaloids, some toxic

solanaceae

• Fused-petal flowers forming tubular structures

• Fruits are berries or capsules

• Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)

• Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper, chili)

• Solanum tuberosum (Potato)

• Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco)

• Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry)

solanaceae examples

Cruciferae

Brassicacee (Mustard Family) - Also called

• Brassica oleracea (Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower)

• Brassica napus (Canola)

• Raphanus sativus (Radish)

• Brassica juncea (Mustard greens)

• Eruca vesicaria (Arugula)

brassicaceae examples

• Brassica oleracea var. capitata - Cabbage

• Brassica oleracea var. sabauda - Savoy cabbage

• Brassica oleracea var. alba - White cabbage

• Brassica oleracea var. rubra - Red cabbage

Capitata Group (Cabbages) example

Compositae

Asteraceae (Sunflower Family) - Also called

asteraceae

• Inflorescence is a "head" (capitulum) of many tiny flowers

Disk and ray florets (composite structure)

• Pappus (modified sepals for seed dispersal)

• Includes edible crops, ornamentals, and medicinal plants

• Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)

• Lactuca sativa (Lettuce)

• Cynara scolymus (Artichoke)

• Chrysanthemum spp. (Chrysanthemum)

• Tagetes spp. (Marigold)

asteraceae example

Rutacee (Citrus Family)

Shared Characteristics:

* Aromatic shrubs or trees with glandular oil sacs

Alternate, compound leaves

• Fruits are hesperidia (segmented, thick rind)

• High in vitamin

• Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)

• Citrus limon (Lemon)

• Citrus aurantufolia (Lime)

• Citrus reticulata (Mandarin) |

• Ruta graveolens (Rue)

Rutacee (Citrus Family) example

Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)

Shared Characteristics:

• Monocots with highly specialized flowers

• Zygomorphic flowers (bilateral symmetry)

Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)

• Mycorrhizal relationships for seed germination

• Many epiphytic species growing on trees

• Vanilla planifolia (Vanilla)

• Dendrobium spp. (Dendrobium orchids)

• Phalaenopsis spp. (Moth orchid)

• Cattleya spp. (Cattleya orchids)

• Vanda spp. (Vanda orchids)

Orchidaceae (Orchid Family) example

Carolus Linneaus (1707-1778)

a Swedish physician was credited for his work by giving two-part scientific names to organisms,

Genus and Species.

It means that each plant has a two-word name,

genus, species

The first or ____ name is the taxonomic rank and is followed by a descriptive or ____ name, this combination is known as scientific name

give the authority who named the plant.

Usually a third name or a letter is placed after the species to ___

1.The genus name is always capitalized and is written first.

2.The species epithet is not capitalized and is written after the

genus name.

3.Both the genus name and the species epithet are italicized

or underlined when handwritten.

In writing scientific names, it is important to note some rules:

Brassicaceae (mustard family)

• Four-petaled flowers arranged in a cross shape

• Contain glucosinolates (mustard oils)

• Mostly cold-tolerant crops

Agronomic crops

are annual herbaceous plants grown in cultivated fields under a more or less extensive (or large-scale) system of culture

Horticultural crops

are crops that are grown under a system of intensive culture in relatively small areas

Horticultural crops

They are plants of high enough value to warrant a large input of capital, labor and technology per unit area of land

Cereal or Grain crops

➢ These are grasses which are utilized as staples

Grain legumes or Pulses

members of the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae, which are consumed in the dry seed form. They are rich sources of protein.

• jute

• flax

• hemp

• ramie

• kenaf

example of fiber crops

Root and tuber crops

➢are crops grown for their roots or stems that are modified for food storage.

➢they are rich sources of carbohydrates.

Forage crops

• are crops used as animal feed, such as legumes and grasses for animal fodder.

Oil crops

are annual crops grown for the oil that can be extracted from them

Sugar crops

annual crops grown for their sugar content

Alcohol crops

crops that are rich in starch or sugar, which can be fermented to produce alcohol.

Stimulant and drug crops

crops that contain substances that serve as stimulants or medicine.

Green-manure crops

are crops grown and then turned

under for soil improvement, such as increasing soil

fertility and organic matter content. These are mainly

legumes that are fast-growing and produce high

biomass. Example: sesbania, indigo

Cover crops

are crops grown to cover

the soil and protect it from erosion. They

can also reduce leaching of certain

nutrients such as potassium. When

turned under, they become green-

manure crops. Example: centrosema

Catch crops or Emergency crops

are substitute crops planted when it is too

late to plant the regular crop or short-

seasoned crops grown immediately after

the failure of the main crop to utilize

residual resources (Example: pechay and

mustard).

Soilage crops or Soiling crops

are forage crops that are cut green and fed green to

animals in the practice called zero grazing.

Silage crops

are forage crops that are cut and

preserved in a succulent condition by partial

fermentation.

Trap crops

are crops planted to attract certain insect

pests. When okra is planted between upland cotton, it is

preferred by cotton stainer, thus reducing damage to the

cotton.

Decoy crops

attract the pest but, unlike trap crops, do not provide food

for the pest. The pest die due to lack of food.

POMOLOGICAL OR FRUIT CROPS

➢A fruit is a plant from which a more or less succulent fruit or a closely related structure is obtained and which is eaten as a dessert or snack

a) tree fruits

b) nut fruits

and c) small fruits,

➢For convenience fruit crops are classified into

Tree Fruits

Fruits borne on trees. Majority of the crops belong to this category,

such as mango , lanzones, durian, orange, etc

Nut Fruits

Fruits borne on trees but which are enclosed by a stony structure, such as talisay, cashew, and pili.

Small Fruits

Fruits borne not on trees but on herbaceous plants, such as pineapple,

strawberry, and vine plants such as grapes.

A vegetable

is an herbaceous plant of which some portion is eaten,

either cooked or raw, during the principal part of the meal

Leafy Vegetables.

Crops grown mainly for their leaves, such as malungay, pechay,

kangkong, and saluyot.

Cole Crops or Crucifers

Crops that belong to the ____ family specifically cabbage,

cauliflower and Chinese cabbage.

Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops.

Crops with swollen underground stems or roots, such as sweet potato, onion, radish, and potato

Legumes.

Crops belonging to the _____family, such as sitao, cowpea, lima bean, pigeon pea, chick pea,, and winged bean.

Solanaceous Crops.

Crops belonging to the solanaceous or nightshade family (Solanaceae) whose economically useful parts are the fruits, such as tomato, eggplant, and sweet pepper.

cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae)

Crops belonging to the ______ such as

cucumber, muskmelon, squash, watermelon, ampalaya, and

chayote.

Ornamentals

are plants used for their aesthetic or decorative value

Cut Flower or Florist Crops

Plants grown for their flowers, such as daisies, roses, gladiolus, carnations, chrysanthemum, anthurium, sampaguita, orchids, birds of paradise.

Cut Flower or Florist Crops

➢Plants whose foliage provide background in floral arrangements.

➢Ferns and asparagus are important in this category. Some species of

asparagus like asparagus fern are sometimes used for corsages,

bouquets, and wreaths.

Flowering Pot Plants.

➢ Plants grown in containers for their beautiful flowers, usually for

display purposes (Chrysanthemum, poinsettia, santan, bougainvillea).

Landscape Plants.

Almost all ornamentals fall under this category. They are used for landscaping purposes.

Foliage Plants.

➢ Many of these plants can tolerate low light intensities since they have no demanding

inflorescences to support.

➢ They are used as indoor plants by which they are sometimes called. Examples:

begonia, philodendron.

Turf.

➢ grasses are used for lawns or greens (grass for golf courses).

➢ They rightfully fall under landscape plants but have grown in

importance to be in a class by themselves. Example: Manila grass.

Plantation Crops.

is loosely defined as crops, usually perennial in growth, and that requires minor changes in the structure of the product (in primary processing) before use.

Oil Crops.

These are perennial crops grown for their oil content, such as coconut,

African oil palm, lumbang, and castor bean.

Fiber Crops.

These are perennial crops grown for their fibers, which are used for

textiles, corsage, pulp, paper twines, sacks, bags, mats, etc. For

example: abaca, buri, maguey, kapok, cabo negro.

Beverage Crops.

Crops that are used for brewing non-alcoholic drinks, such as cacao,

tea, and coffee.

Spice-producing Crops.

black pepper (Piper nigrum), vanilla (Vanilla planifolia).

Aromatic or essential-oil-producing Crops

lemon grass or “tanglad”(Cymbopogon citratus); citronella or

“salay” ( C. winterianus); patchouli (Pogostemon cablin);vetiver

grass (Vetiveria zizanoides); “ilang- ilang” (Cananga odorata).

Latexes and Resins.

These crops where products of the sap (latex) are tapped or

obtained from the bark such as rubber.

Medicinal and Biocidal Crops.

Sources of pharmaceutical and insecticidal compounds.

Annuals.

These plants complete their life cycle, usually from seed to seed, in one growing season and then die.

Biennials.

These plants complete their life cycle in two growing seasons and then die.

Perennials.

are plants that have the ability to repeat their life cycle indefinitely

by circumventing the death stage.

rhizomes, stolons

in perenials, They may be herbaceous, as in species with underground vegetative structures called ____ (e.g. Indian grass), or aboveground structures called ____

Herbaceous

- crop plants that have soft succulent non-woody stem.

They have no secondary tissue or the secondary tissue is not well

developed.

Herbs

- are herbaceous plants that can stand upright without

support.

Vines

- are herbaceous plants that require supports to stand upright.

Woody

- crop plants that have hard stems because of their well-developed

secondary tissues.

• herbs

• vines

Herbaceous plants are further classified into:

• herbs and vines

Herbaceous plants are further classified into:

Trees

- are woody plants that possess a single central stem and are usually taller than shrubs at peak height. They can stand upright without any support.

Shrubs

- are woody plants with several more or less upright stems. Like trees, they can stand upright without any support.