APUSH REVIEW PACKET OF DOOM

James Fennimore Cooper

First great American author; wrote in the early 19th century; wrote The Last ofthe Mohicans; popularized naturalist literature; explored the line between civilization and nature.

Washington Irving

Another famous American author writing in early 19th century; often wrote about New York or the Hudson River Valley; created “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist essayist and philosopher from New England; icon of the Romantic Age; wanted people to embrace change and value individuality; wrote “Self Reliance.”

Henry David Thoreau

Follower of Emerson and a believer in the power of the individual to triumph over evil social pressures; wrote “Civil Disobedience” and Walden.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Romantic Age writer of the mid-19th century; often wrote about colonial New England; most famous for House of Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter.

Edgar Allan Poe

Romantic Age writer and poet; wrote about the dark side of mid-19th century society; famous short stories include “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Pit and the Pendulum.”

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poet of the mid-19th century; wrote “Hiawatha” and “Paul Revere’s Ride.”

Herman Melville

Writer of late 19th century; most books had a nautical theme; wrote Moby Dick.

Walt Whitman

Romantic poet and essayist of the mid-19th century; most famous work is Leaves of Grass, a free verse collection reveling in emotions and sensations.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Northeastern political writer; her international hit Uncle Tom’s Cabin dramatized slave society and became a weapon used by abolitionists to alert people to the evils of slavery

Mark Twain

Perhaps the most famous American author; rooted in the realist tradition, Twain used humor and satire to dramatize life during the Gilded Age; works include Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, The Innocents Abroad.

Henry James

A contemporary of Twain, James depicted the complexities of characters in sophisticated post-bellum society; works include The Portrait of a Lady and The Bostonians.

Upton Sinclair

Used novels to alert readers to social ills; The Jungle sensationalized and dramatized the lack of safety and sanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Edith Wharton

First great female writer of the modern era; her 1920 book The Age of Innocence details the vanishing world of “old money” New York society.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The most famous of the Jazz Age authors; hard-working and hard-partying; chronicled the reckless abandon and spiritual hollowness of the twenties; famous works include The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise.

Sinclair Lewis

A contemporary of Fitzgerald; his work Main Street focused on exposing the provinciality and middle-class meanness of small-town society.

William Faulkner

Described complexities of life in the South; first to succeed with the modern technique of multiple points of view; famous works include The Sound and the Furyand Absalom, Absalom.

John Steinbeck

Most important of the Depression Era authors; most famous book The Grapes of Wrath chronicled the Joad family's migration from Oklahoma to California.

Ernest Hemingway

Famed for his hard living, his masculine prose, and his spare writing style; wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, and The Old Man and the Sea.

J.D. Salinger

Reclusive author; careful and studious style; most famous work is The Catcher in the Rye, a story about youth and disillusionment in postwar America.

Jack Kerouac

Most famous of the "beat" generation of writers, who were violent and free-spirited youths wandering in postwar America; books include On the Road and The Dharma Bums.

Joseph Heller

Author of Catch-22, which typifies postwar disillusionment by satirizing war

Maybury v. Madison (1803)

Court established judicial review

Fletcher V. Peck (1810)

Upheld the sanctity of contracts

McCulloch v. Maryland

States cannot tax the federal government, upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States

Gibbons V Ogden (1824)

Congressional power over interstate commerce

Cherokee Nation V. Georgia

They are a domestic, dependent nation

Worcester v. Georgia

tribal autonomy within their boundaries

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

Labor unions were lawful and that the strike was a lawful weapon

Scott v Sanford(1857)

Ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court, scotts residence in a free state did not mean he was free, Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory, voided the Missouri Compromise of 1820

Wabash St Louis and Pacific Railway Co. V. Illinois (1886)

Granger laws regulating interstate commerce were unconstitutional

U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co (1895)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized Segregation “separate but equal”

Northern Securities Co v. U.S. (1904)

Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Schenck v. U.S.

Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917, declared that people who interfered with the war effort would be subjected to imprisonment

Schechter v. U.S. (1936)

Declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Unconstitutional

Korematsu v. U.S. (1941)

Upheld the constitutionality of detention camps

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Unanimous decision declaring “separate but equal” unconstitutional.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Must be advised of their right to an attorney and to remain silent

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Legalized abortion by ruling state laws could not restrict access to it

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)

Affirmative action programs using race as a basis for selecting participants

Louisiana Purchase

Purchased by the United States from France in 1803. Some 800,000 square miles in area, the territory included present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rockies, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (but including New Orleans).

Florida

In 1810, American settlers in the western part of Florida rebelled against Spanish rule and declared their independence as the Republic of West Florida. This area, and other territory between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers, was subsequently annexed by the United States. After long negotiations, Spain agreed in 1819 to cede Florida to the United States through the Adams-Onis Treaty. A state constitution was drafted in 1838, and Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845.

Texas

In 1836, Texas became a separate Republic after the rebelling from Mexico. The United States Senate rejected a treaty to annex Texas in 1844, but it reversed that decision the following year, and Texas joined the Union on December 29, 1845

Mexican War / Gadsden Purchase

The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War and ceded California, New Mexico, and Utah Territories to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million. The Gadsden Purchase was made in 1853 to obtain Mexican land for a route for the transcontinental railroad.

Puerto Rico

As a result of the Spanish-American War (1898), Puerto Rico was ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris. In 1900, Congress established a civil government on the island. Citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917, and the U.S. instituted measures designed to solve various economic and social problems in the overpopulated area.

Guam

In 1898, by the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the island was ceded by Spain to the United States.

Philippines

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Spain ceded the entire archipelago to the United States in return for $20 million. In December of that year the U.S. proclaimed the establishment of military rule.

Wake

Wake Island was formally occupied by the U.S. in 1898. In 1834, it was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy, and in 1935, a commercial air base was established on the atoll to serve planes on flights between the U.S. and Asia.

Hawaii

President McKinley signed a resolution on July 7, 1898, and the formal transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to the United States took place in Honolulu on August 12, 1898. In 1900, Hawaii became a U.S. territory, making its citizens U.S. citizens. Hawaii was proclaimed the 50th state on August 21, 1959.

Panama Canal Zone

1904-1979. Territory in Central Panama governed by the United States for the operation of the Panama Canal. The Canal Zone was created under the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. It was signed in 1903 by the newly independent nation of Panama and the United States. The treaty gave the United States the right to build and operate the Panama Canal, to control the Canal Zone as if it were U.S. Territory, and to annex more land if necessary for canal operations and defense.

Virgin Islands

During the Civil War (1861-65) the Union began to negotiate with Denmark for the purchase of the Virgin Islands in order to establish naval bases in the Caribbean. Nothing came of the negotiations until World War I. In 1917, the U.S. bought the Virgin Islands for $25 million and built a naval base in order to protect the Panama Canal and prevent Germany's seizure of the islands.

Democratic-Republicans (1780s-1801)

States' rights. • Strict interpretation of the Constitution. • Agriculture and rural life. • Strongest in South and West. • Sympathy with

France.

• Civil liberties and trust in the people.

Federalists (1780s-1801)

Strong central government. • Loose interpretation of the Constitution. • Commerce and manufacturing. • Strongest in Northeast. • Close ties with Britain. • Order and stability.

Democrats (1836-1850)

Party of tradition. • Looked backward to the past. • Spoke to the fears of Americans. • Opposed banks and corporations. • Opposed state-legislated reforms. • Preferred individual freedom of choice. • Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms,

rural independence, states’ rights, and the right

to own slaves. • Favored rapid territorial expansion. • Believed in progress through external growth.

Whigs (1836-1850)

• Party of modernization. • Looked forward to the future. • Spoke to the hopes of Americans. • Promoted economic growth, especially

transportation and banks. • Advocated state-legislated reforms such as

temperance, public schools, and prison reform. • Favored industry, urban growth, and federal

government. • Favored gradual territorial expansion. • Believed in progress through internal growth.

Liberty Party (mid 1800s)

Abolitionist party that ran candidate James

Birney for President in 1844. • Won only 2% of the vote but drew votes away

from the Whigs, especially in New York.

Free Soil Party (Mid 1800s)

Not abolitionist, but opposed to the expansion of

slavery in the territories. • Won 10% of the popular vote with Martin Van

Buren as their candidate in 1848. • Lost 50% of their support in 1852, when they

repudiated the Compromise of 1850.

American Party (mid 1800s)

The "Know Nothing" Party.

• Nativist party based on opposition to immigration and a focus on temperance. •

• Ran Millard Fillmore in 1856 and won 21% of the

• Republican Party absorbed them in 1856.

Whigs ( mid 1800s)

Southern "Cotton" Whigs eventually drifted into the Democratic Party.

• Northern "Conscience" Whigs moved to new parties such as the Free Soil Party, and later, the popular vote. Republican Party.

Republican Party (original)

• Formed in 1854 by a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in

opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. • Stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories. • Moderates like Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery on "moral" grounds, while admitting that slavery had a

"right" to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist. • John C. Fremont was the first Republican candidate in the election of 1856.

Democrats (1860)

Split at the 1860 party convention, when a platform defending slavery was defeated and Deep South delegates walked out.

• At a splinter convention, Stephen Douglas of Illinois was nominated as a candidate on a platform opposing any Congressional interference with slavery.

• Deep South delegates met and nominated John Breckenridge of Kentucky as a candidate on a pro-slavery platform.

Republicans (1860)

The Republicans, by this time decidedly opposed to slavery, drew in northerners with a platform favoring the Homestead Act, protective tariffs, and transportation improvements.

Opposed the extension of slavery but defended the right of states to control their own "domestic institutions."

Abraham Lincoln was nominated as the candidate on the third ballot.

Politics in the Gilded Age

The main parties blur during this period, with loyalties determined primarily by regional, religious, and ethnic

differences as opposed to political platforms. • Voter turnout for elections averaged over 78 percent (60 to 80 percent in off years). • Both parties were pro-business, opposed to any type of economic radicalism or reform, and supportive of

"sound currency" and the economic status quo. • Federal government and, to some extent, state governments tended to do very little. • Republicans dominated the Senate; Democrats dominated the House of Representatives. • Republican splinter groups include the Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps.

Populist Party

Formed in 1891 by remnants of the Farmers' Alliances. • Sported a long list of demands that included the free coinage of silver, government ownership of the

railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines, a graduated income tax, the direct election of U.S. senators, and

the use of initiative, referendum, and recall. • The party eventually faded because the farmers' situation improved in the late 1890s, and also because its

political agenda was absorbed by the Republicans and Democrats.

Progressive Era Politics

There were three "Progressive" Presidents – Theodore Roosevelt (Republican), William Howard Taft

(Republican), and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat). • Believed that the laissez-faire system was obsolete, yet supported capitalism. • Applied the principles of science and efficiency to economics, social institutions, and politics. • Viewed government as a key player in creating an orderly, stable, and improved society. • Generally positive in outlook. Believed that the government had the power to combat special interests and

work for the good of the community, state, and nation. • The political party system was singled out as corrupt, outmoded, inefficient, and undemocratic. • Believed corruption could be diminished by putting more power in the hands the people, as well as

non-elected professional officials. • Adopted many Populist causes, including the referendum, the initiative, and the direct election of Senators. • Progressive Amendments to the U.S. Constitution = 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

Republican Era (1921-33)

Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. • Position of the government was decidedly pro-business. Though conservative, the government did

experiment with new approaches to public policy. • Supported an American culture that was increasingly urban, industrial, and consumer-oriented. • Conflicts surfaced regarding immigration restriction, Prohibition, and race relations.

Democratic Legacy of New Deal

Democrats established a power base with the support of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor,

blacks, and a broad section of the middle class. • Increased expectations and acceptance of government involvement in American life. • Made the federal government a protector of interest groups and a mediator of competition. • Regulated American business to protect it from the excesses and problems of the past. • Fair Deal of the post-war Truman administration continued the trend in governmental involvement with

expanded Social Security benefits, an increase of the minimum wage, a full employment program, slum

clearance, public housing, and government sponsorship of scientific research. • In 1948, the liberal Democratic coalition split into the two branches detailed below.

States rights

-Were Southern Conservative Democrats (Dixiecrats)

-Opposed civil rights

-Nominated SC Gov. Strom Thurmond for Pres.

Progressive Party

-Liberal democrats

-favored socialist policies, abolition of segregation, conciliatory attitude toward Russia

-Nominated Henry A. Wallace for Pres.

Post WWII Politics (Democrats)

-Maintained their power base of organized labor, urban voters, and immigrants

-post war period progressed, advocated for larger roles in federal government and regulating business.

-By the 1960s, advocated gov involvement in education and urban renewal.

-Became associated w/ civil rights act and voting rights act

Post WWII Politics (Republican)

-Accused the Democrats of being “soft” on Communism

-Promised to end the Korean War

-Dixiecrats associated themselves with Republican candidates— opposing civil rights legislation.

Nixons New Federalism (Democrats)

-fragmented and seemed incapable of dealing with the social and political turmoil from Vietnam

-Post- Vietnam, they advocated for the extension of Civil Rights and Reproductive Rights.

Nixons New Federalism (Republicans)

-Opposition to the Vietnam War and growing federal and social programs “converted” Democrats in Increasing numbers

-Defended the “silent majority”

-Advocated to cut back federal power and returning it to the states (“New Federalism”)

Reagan and the New Right (Democrats)

-supported enviornmental legislation, limits on economic development, and an end to nuclear weapons and power plants

-pro-choice movement

-Affirmative action—racial quotas

Reagan and the New Right (Republicans)

-Spurred by the rise of evangelical Christianity (S began voting red)

-Ethnic suburbanites and young conservatives formed a “New Right” supporting Reagan on a “law and order” platform.

-Advocated for stricter crime, drug, and porn laws, opposed abortion, increase in defense spending, and supported tax cuts

-Curbed gov expansion but did not reduce its size nor power.

President of 1789-1796

George Washington (No parties)

1800 election

Glorious revolution, peaceful transfer of power to Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson

1816 Election result

James monroe (democratic republican) era of good feelings began— opposed to war of 1812, federalist party basically ended, he was an early opponent of slavery

1832 Election results

Andrew Jackson

1844 election results

James Polk, struggled with Manifest Destiny, slavery, and annexation of Texas and Oregon.

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln won, SC seceded from the union, crisis of slavery and sectionalism.

Elections of 1896 and 1900

William McKinley, jingoist, dollar diplomacy

1960 Election

JFK won, first televised debate

1820 election results

James monroe

1964 election results

LBJ, South goes red, Johnson promised social reform

FDR’s presidency

1932-1944

1980 election

Ronald Reagan won, appealed to conservative values, carter was hurt by Iranian Hostage Situation.

Tweed Ring

1869-1871. Embezzled money from the New York State government created a mob presence within the government.

Credit Mobilier

1872. A dummy construction company was created to skim money from the Union Pacific Railroad. Government officials were bribed.

Whiskey Ring

1872-1876. Grant and his Secretary of State put an excise tax on whiskey, bringing more money into the government for the President’s use.

Watergate

1973. Nixon wanted information about the Democrats for the upcoming election. His advisors tried to bug the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. The Republican buggers were caught in the act. As a result, McCord, the head of the operation, confessed and admitted the plot involved the President. This initiated a series of events that caused Nixon to resign from his post to avoid impeachment.

Iran-Contra Affair

1985-86. The people involved were William Casey, head of CIA; Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council; Admiral John Poindexter, National Security Advisor; and Robert McFarlane, former National Security Advisor. They sold arms to Iranians to encourage their aid in releasing American hostages in Lebanon. The profits from these deals were diverted to the Nicaraguan Contras to get around Congressional restrictions on funding the revolution there. Hearings were held in May 1987, during Reagan's presidency.

King Philip’s War

1675-1676. An Indian chief, King Philip, led a war to exterminate the whites. Over 2,000 settlers died before the rebellion was subdued. This war led to a series of other conflicts.

French and Indian War

1754-1763. A war between the French and the British over control of North America. It was called the Seven Years’ War in Europe. The American theater of the war started in 1756. The French lost all claims to land they occupied in North America to the British. The French held onto a few islands in the Caribbean while the British controlled the rest of continent.

Revolutionary War

1776-1781. The American colonists fought for their freedom from the “tyrannical and treacherous” rule of the British. Animosity had developed over many years of taxing and arbitrary rule by the British. Eventually, with the help of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the Americans gained the confidence and the motivation to separate themselves from the British. The Revolution ended with the surrender of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown on October 17, 1781.

Barbary Pirates

1801-1805. The pirates attacked American ships in the Mediterranean and were met by the American naval fleet. The conflict ultimately ended in 1805.