Bio Unit 4 - Bioenergetics

Chemical equation for Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Chemical equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plant pigment in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?

Chloroplast

What organelle does cellular respiration occur in?

mitochondria

Is cellular respiration catabolic (breaks down) or anabolic(builds up)?

Catabolic, because in CR it is breaking down complex molecules such as glucose in pyruvate

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

anaerobic: no oxygen

aerobic: oxygen

Active transport

Ions against it's concentration gradient

What is the difference between ADP and ATP?

ADP is uncharged ATP is charged and is used as energy for the cell

Two catabolic pathways for cellular respiration

Anaerobic: No oxygen and is fermentation(partial. degradation of sugar) Aerobic: With oxygen

How does a cell recharge ATP?

When ATP has released energy it becomes ADP and is recharged by adding another phosphate to make ATP

3 kinds of biological work

1. Chemical: synthesizing (combining things to make a new thing) in this case making polymers from stringing monomers

2. Active transport:

Ions against concentration gradient

3. Mechanical(motion):

Any movement at all, beating of cillia

Output of cellular respiration

36-38 ATP + Energy

Driving force for recharging ATP?

Electron transport chain. Leo(loss of electrons-oxidation) says Ger(gain of electrons-reduction)

What are the two electron carriers?

NADH+ and FAD(from glucose to oxygen) will then get transformed into NADH and FAD2

1 stage of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis (splitting sugar): occuring in the cytoplasm. Here the glucose will split into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. Input is glucose, output is 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate(products) and 2 NADH

preparing for 2nd stage

pyruvate oxidaition: inputs are 2 pyruvate and the outputs are 2CO2, 2Acetyl CoA and 2NADH

2nd stage for cellular respiration

Krebs cycle(citric acid cycle) is chain of reactions occuring in the mitochondria and produces energy w/aerobic reaction. Converts acetyl-CoA into energy rich molecules. One turn of the Krebs cycle releases 2CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and one ATP. This cycle will happen twice per glucose molecule

3rd stage for cellular respiration

the electron transport chain (ETC) which is protein molecules imbedded in an inner membrane of mitochondria and is involved in a series of electron transfers (redox reactions). Creating the electrochemical gradient helps the synthaze of ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation

Inputs and Outputs of photosynthesis

input: carbon dioxide, water, sunlight

output: glucose and oxgen

What plant pigment is involved in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll. There is chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids

Relationship between green and chlorophyll

Chlorophyll absorbs every color but green, which is why it reflects green, hence why plants are seen as green. Green has the longest wavelength and low energy which is why the plant uses all other colors

Amount of energy in the light as the wavelength changes?

The longer the wavelength the less energy. The shorter the wavelength the more energy.

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

What area of the chloroplast does photosynthesis occur?

Light reactions in the thylakoid and Calvin cycle (light independent) in the stroma

What happens to the water molecules in photosynthesis

It gets split, oxygen is released and hydrogen and electrons get used and recycled.

what products from the light reaction are used in the calvin cycle?

NADPH and ATP. The carbon will also combine with both substances to form sugar.

Stoma

Opening where CO2 enters and O2 exits

Stomata

controls rate of Co2 and O2

Stroma

Fluid in chloroplast space

Anatomy of bean seed

Bean seed anatomy: Plumule

first true leaves

Bean seed anatomy: epicotyl

shoot(upper part of stem)

Bean seed anatomy: Hypocotyl

stem: first to emerge above ground after germination

Bean seed anatomy: radicle

root

Bean seed anatomy: hilum

"eye" point of attachment

Bean seed anatomy: cotyledon

seed leaves + food for embryo

What occurs in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Chemiosmosis

What process uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

Products of Krebs Cycle

ATP, NADH,FADH

Products of light dependent reactions?

Oxygen, NADPH, and ATP