Biology science year 9 term 1

Structural adaptations

Physical features that help an organism survives its environment.

What do structural adaptations do

Helps the organism to survive and reproduce successfully.

Behavioral adaptations

Patterns of activity that help organisms survive its environment.

Examples of behavioral adaptations

1-Migration

2-Being nocturnal

3-Hunting in groups

Physiological adaptations

internal, automatic body-processes that help an organism survive its environment.

Thermoregulation examples

Sweating, shivering, panting

Production of antifreeze proteins in fish to survive.

Endotherm

Animals that control their body temperature using internal energy. (metabolism). Mammals and birds are the two major types of endotherms.

Endotherm responses to cold

1-Seek shelter

2-Brown fat activity

3-Shivering

Endotherm responses to hot

1-Sweating

2-Vasolidation

3-Drinking water

Ectotherms

Animals that rely on external sources to regulate body temperature.

Ectotherm responses to hot

1-Burrowing

2-Seeking shade

3-Colour changes to absorb heat

Ectotherm responses to cold

1-Basking in the sun/facing towards heat

2-Reducing activity

3-Adjusting blood flow

Tropisms

Directional growth responses in plants that occur in a specific direction due to external stimuli.

Phototropism ⭐

Growing towards sunlight to perform photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen

Respiration equation

Oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Organism

Individual life form

Population

A group of organisms of the same species living together at the same time and place.

Community

2 or more populations of different species co-existing together in the same area/habitat.

Ecosystem

Combined community and non-living factors in the environment.

Phototropsim

Plant's growth response to light.

Phototropism's mechanics

Through auxin a plant can control directional growth. When light shines, the auxin move to the shaded side. Cells on shaded side grow longer causing them to unevenly grow allowing the plant to bend.

Geotropism

Growth response triggered by gravity.

importance of geotropism

Stay anchored

Get water and nutrients

Grow upright

Geotropism positive and negative

Roots-positive geotropism

Stem-negative geotropism

Thigmotropism

Plant's growth response to touch or physical contact.

Hydrotropism

Growth response to water. Roots grow towards area with higher moisture levels.

Thermotropism

a growth response to temperature changes. Plants make use of this to protect themselves from extreme temperatures or to position their leaves for optimal growth.

The 5 species interactions

Predation

Parasitism

Mutualism

Commensalism

Competition

Predation

This is a feeding relationship, in which one organism kills and eats another. The attacker is the predator and the victim is the prey.

Parasitism

This is when one organism lives and feeds off another. The parasite harms the host.

Mutualism

A relationship when two organisms live closely together to benefit each other.

Commenalism

A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unharmed.

Biotic factors

Biotic factors are living parts of the ecosystem such as organisms.

Abiotic meaning

abiotic refers to the nonliving parts of the ecosystem.

Abiotic examples

water, temperature, pH level, soil and light.

The 8 sampling techniques

Tullgren funnel

Sweep net

Pond dipping

Tree beating

Mark-release-recapture

Quadrat

Transect

Pooters

Quadrat

used to estimate the population size of stationary organisms or ones that don't move much.

Transect

a straight line or narrow section through an environment in which data is collected. It is used to measure changes in species distribution, abundance or environmental conditions across a gradient.

Catch-recapture

Used to estimate the population size of mobile species.

Quadrat calculating formula avg. density

total number of counted individuals / number of quadrats x area of each quadrat

Capture-recapture calculating formula

number caught and initially marked x total recaptured / amount of marked recaptured