Neuroanatomy - 13 Diencephalon

• epithalamus

• subthalamus (ventral thalamus)

• thalamus (dorsal thalamus)

• hypothalamus

the diencephalon contains the: (4)

dorsal thalamus

the ____________ has nuclei for both afferent and efferent connections that each have functions

internal capsule

nearly all connections between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures travel through the __________

epithalamus

the pineal gland is found in the ____________

dorsal thalamus

the “thalamus” is also known as the __________

4

the diencephalon has ___ parts

mammillary bodies, infundibular stalk

the inferior surface of the hypothalamus includes the ___________ and the _____________

third

the diencephalon surrounds the ________ ventricle

body of the lateral ventricle

the superior border of the diencephalon is the _______________

internal capsule

the lateral border of the diencephalon is the ________________

subarachnoid space

the inferior border of the diencephalon is the ________________

plane through posterior commissure

the posterior/caudal border of the diencephalon is the ________________

anterior commissure

the anterior/rostral border of the diencephalon is the ________________

hypothalamic sulcus

the ________________ divides the alar plate into a superior portion and inferior portion

pineal gland, habenular nuclei

two key parts of the epithalamus are the _________ and the _________

unpaired

the pineal gland is (paired/unpaired)

midline, superior colliculi

the pineal gland is situated in the ________ just rostral to the _____________

glial cells, pinealocytes

the pineal gland consists of CT containing ________ and _________ cells

F; NO true neurons

T/F: there are neurons in the pineal gland

neuroendocrine

the pinealocytes are __________ cells

serotonin, melatonin

the pineal gland secretes a hormone derived from _______, called ________, at relatively high rates during darkness

circadian rhythms, sleep wake cycles, sexual development

the pineal gland is important for the regulation of __________, __________, and _______________

pineal gland

the __________ is a midline landmark in the brain d/t calcium buildups in adult life that make it more radiopaque on xrays

T

T/F: the pineal gland is involved in seasonal cycles, like reproductive cycles

• hydrocephalus

• deficits in eye movements and pupillary reactions

• changes in sexual development

symptoms of pineal tumors may be:(3)

stalk

the pineal gland is attached to the diencephalon by a _______

paired

the habenula is (paired/unpaired)

posterior commissure, habenula

at the base of the stalk from the pineal gland is the __________; rostral is a small swelling on each side called a ___________

habenular nuclei

underlying each habenula are the ___________

basal nuclei, limbic system

the habenular nuclei receive input from the ________ and the ________

reticular formation

the habenular nuclei project information to the ___________ in the brainstem

biogenic amines

after receiving signals from the habenula, the reticular formation releases _________ that are thought to play a role in assigning “reward value” to stimuli

dopamine, serotonin

the habenula nuclei send messages to the _________ and _________ cells of the brainstem to increase activity based on how well an individual enjoyed a certain stimulus

depression

lack of activity of the habenula and its projections to the RF may play a role in ___________

basal nuclei

the subthalamus is VERY connected to the ____________

subthalamus

the ___________ plays a crucial role in regulating movement, sensory motor integration, and some cognitive processes

subthalamic nucleus, prerubral area, zona incerta

the subthalamus contains the ___________, the ____________, and the ___________

motor areas, substantia nigra, globus pallidus

the subthalamic nucleus receives input from _________ of the cerebral cortex, projects to the ________, and is reciprocally connected with the __________

hemiballismus

vascular lesions of the subthalamic nucleus can cause _________________ - involuntary rapid and forceful movements of the contralateral UE

prerubral area

the _________ of the subthalamus is the main link between the striatal pallidal system and thalamocortical system

ventral thalamus

the subthalamus is also called the ____________

zona incerta

the ___________ of the subthalamus is a small mass of gray matter intervening between the subthalamic nucleus and the thalamus

sensory-motor, cognitive

the zona incerta is involved in __________ programming and _______ processes related to attention toward important stimuli

thalami

the _______ are a pair of large, egg-shaped nuclear masses with a posterior appendage

80

the thalami make up ____% of the diencephalon

interventricular foramen

the thalamus extends anteriorly to the _____________

floor of the lateral ventricle

the thalamus extends superiorly to the _____________

hypothalamic sulcus

the thalamus extends inferiorly to the _____________

overlap the midbrain

the thalamus extends posteriorly to _____________

sensory, olfaction

all _______ pathways, except for _______, relay in the thalamus

cerebellum, basal nuclei, limbic structures

many anatomical circuits used by the _________, __________, and _________ also involve thalamic relays

nuclei

the thalamus is divided into a series of ________

internal medullary lamina

the _______________ is a thin, curved sheet of myelinated fibers that divides most of the thalamus into its principle cell groups

anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar

the principle groups of the thalamus are ________, ________, ________, and ________

midline

there are _______ thalamic nuclei just superior to the hypothalamic sulcus

medial and lateral geniculate bodies

attached to the caudolateral portion of the thalamus are the ________________________

lateral

the _______ group of nuclei composes the bulk of the thalamus and is further subdivided into a dorsal tier and a ventral tier

lateral dorsal nuclei, lateral posterior nuclei, pulvinar

the dorsal tier of the lateral group of the thalamus contains the ________, _________, and _______

lateral dorsal

the __________ nuclei in the dorsal tier of the lateral group of the thalamus is connected to the cingulate gyrus and limbic system

lateral posterior

the __________ nuclei in the dorsal tier of the lateral group of the thalamus is connected to the parietal lobe for sensory integration, visuospatial processing and attention

pulvinar

the __________ nuclei in the dorsal tier of the lateral group of the thalamus is connected to the occipital lobe for visual function and eye movements

VA, VL, ventral posterior (VPL & VPM)

the ventral tier of the lateral group of the thalamus contains the ________, _________, and _______

ventral tier, lateral

VA, VL, VPL, and VPM are all located in the _________ of the ________ thalamus

VA, VL

in the ventral tier of the lateral thalamus, the ____ and _____ nuclei are motor related nuclei

VPL, VPM

in the ventral tier of the lateral thalamus, the ____ and _____ nuclei are somatosensory related nuclei

ventral tier, pulvinar, midbrain

the lateral and medial geniculate nuclei are located posterior to the ________ nuclei, and inferior to the ______, and they protrude posteriorly along the _______

lateral

the ______ geniculate nucleus has afferents from the retina via the optic tract and projects to the primary visual cortex

medial

the _______ geniculate nucleus has afferent auditory input via the brachium of the inferior colliculus and projects to the primary auditory cortex

• sensory

• motor

• limbic

the thalamus functions to process, integrate, and relay information related to what three systems:

globus pallidus

the VA gets input from the __________

prefrontal cortex

the VA outputs to the _________

globus pallidus, cerebellum

the VL gets input from the _______ and _______

SMA, motor cortex

the VL outputs to the ________ and the ________

medial, spinal and trigeminal lemnisci

the VPL/M get input from the _____________

somatic sensory cortex

the VPL/M get output to the _____________

cingulate gyrus

the anterior nucleus of the thalamus is connected to the ____________

PPAC

the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is connected to the ______

DCML

the ____________ tract brings discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibration sensation from the contralateral body

body/arms/legs, DCML

the VPL gets sensory input from the __________ via the _____ tract

head, trigeminal

the VPM gets sensory input from the _________ via the ______ tract

anterior

the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is organized so that proprioceptive neurons are most _______

midregion

the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is organized so that tactile neurons are in the ________

posterior

the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus is organized so that nociceptive neurons are the most _________

VL; M1, PreMA, SMA

for motor pathways, the cerebellum projects to the _____ nucleus of the thalamus, and then to the _______ areas of the cerebral cortex

hippocampus

limbic relay: the ___________ connects to the mammillary bodies

anterior

the mammillothalamic tract goes to the ________ thalamic nucleus and makes connections to the cingulate gyrus

thalamocortical, corticothalamic

the internal capsule contains the _______________ and ______________ tracts going between cortex and subcortical structures

anterior

the ________ limb of the internal capsule contains the fibers interconnecting the anterior nucleus and the cingulate gyrus, and most of those interconnecting the dorsomedial nucleus and prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

the dorsal medial thalamic nucleus connects to the _________

posterior

the _________ limb of the internal capsule contains fibers interconnecting VA and VL with motor areas of cortex, corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers, and somatosensory fibers projecting from the VPL/VPM to the postcentral gyrus

genu

the _______ of the internal capsule is a transition zone between the anterior and posterior limbs and contains some corticobulbar fibers to cranial nerve motor nuclei

internal

the hypothalamus has a role in controlling the ________ environment

• modulates the ANS

• receptors sense and respond to temperature, osmolality, and hormones

• produces releasing factors to regulate hormone production

• releases neurohormones into circulation

• includes the satiety center

the hypothalamus:

• modulates the ____

• receptors sense and respond to _____, ______, and _______

• produces releasing factors to regulate _______________

• releases ________ into circulation

• includes the __________

3

the hypothalamus can be divided into ___ sections

• lateral hypothalamic area

• medial zone

• periventricular zone

the zones of the hypothalamus are: (3)

medial

the ______ zone of the hypothalamus is the “meat and potatoes”

posteromedial, PCA, PCom, Thalamogeniculate, Thalamoperforating

the blood supply to the thalamus is from the ____________ branches of the _____ artery and the _____ artery, which include the _________ and _________ arteries

contralateral hemiparesis (VA/VL), hemianesthesia (VPM/VPL)

symptoms of loss of blood flow to the thalamus and internal capsule are ________________ combined with ________________

thalamic pain syndrome

_______________ affects ~25% of patients that suffer a stroke to the thalamus region

thalamogeniculate

the most commonly implicated artery for thalamic pain syndrome is the _______________ artery