APHUG 1

According to scholars, how did people migrate to the Americas?

• Via an ice bridge over the Bering Strait, further migration occurred to the non-glacial south

• i.e. travel by foot

What caused the migration to the Americas?

• The development of new stone tools enabled the pursuit of large animals that crossed Asia and North America

Where were the early migrants believed to have originated?

• A Mongolian stock

• i.e. modern-day Siberia

The early migrants are also called the ______

• Clovis

The Clovis established one of the _____ civilizations in the ________

• first

• Americas

How long ago were the Clovis believed to have lived?

• 13,000 years ago

True or false: all early migrants crossed the Bering Strait

• False

Some migrants from Asia have settled in the south (e.g. Chile, Peru) prior to the land travel to North America. What does this suggest about their mode of travel?

• They traveled by sea, using boats

The inhabiting of Japan, Australia, and other Pacific regions support the notion that migrants traveled by _____

• Water

Early migrants were capable of making long _____ _______

• ocean voyages

The early American population was much more _______ and _________ than once thought.

• diverse

• scattered

The absence of Asian genetic markers in some population groups suggest that pre-Columbus, there were migrants from ______ or ______.

• Europe

• Africa

Most Native Americans are genetically similar. These characteristics are linked to modern _________ and __________.

• Siberians

• Mongolians

Research points to the notion that Mongolians sought to _______ _____ ___________.

• eliminate other populations

Early in the “Archaic” period, humans chiefly relied on _______ ___ _________.

• Hunting and gathering

Large animals hunted by early migrants became extinct during the Archaic period. Centuries later, _____/_______ were pursued.

• Bison/buffalo

What tools were developed later in the Archaic period?

• Nets and hooks (fishing)

• Traps (small animals)

• baskets (berry, nut, seed, plant gathering)

Farming was discovered later in the Archaic period. How did this change movement patterns?

• Transition from nomadism to sedentism

What is the significance of corn in the Archaic period?

• It was the most important farm crop

What other crops did humans grow in the Archaic period?

• Squash

• Beans

How did sedentary settlements affect the development of civilizations?

• Civilizations grew larger

What is the largest empire in the Americas?

• The Incas

How did the Inca Empire grow?

• Started as a small tribe in Cuzco, Peru

• Lead by Pachacuti

• Grew via persuasion and alliances

How was the Inca Empire sustained?

• Innovative administrative systems

• Large network of roads

The _____ civilization emerged in Meso-America

• Mayan

Why is the Mayan Civilization considered complex or sophisticated?

Developed…

• Written language

• Numerical system

• Accurate calendar

• Advanced agricultural system

• Important trade routes

What were the Mayans and Meso-American tribes collectively (but sometimes inacurately) known as?

• Aztec

What did the Mayans and Meso-Americans call themselves?

• Mexica

What is the city the Mexica established named? Where is it located

• Tenochtitlán

• Present-day Mexico City

Who lived in Tenochtitlán

• Mayans

• Other tribes

What did the Tenochtitlán residents create?

• Aqueducts (channels for water)

• Large public buildings

• Schools

• Organized military

• Medicall system

• Enslaved workforce

Why was the Mexica considered tyrannical?

• Heavy taxation, enforced by military power

True or false: the Mexica believed in human sacrifice

• True

The Meso-American civilizations were the “hub of _______ and _____”

• culture

• trade

List 2 southern civilizations

• Inca Empire

• The Mexica

How are Northern civilizations compared to the South?

• No large civilizations

• Not politically complex

What do Southern civilizations refer to?

• South America

• Central America

What do Northern civilizations refer to?

• The United States

• Canada

What did the Northern Civilizations subsist on?

• Hunting

• Gathering

• Fishing

While most Northern groups lived nomadic, lives, some created permanent settlements. What region does this group reside?

• The Pacific Northwest

In the Southwest, societies were very agricultural. What did they create?

• Large irrigation systems

• Towns

The Southwest towns were centers of _____, ______, _________/_____ ______

• trade

• crafts

• religious/civic ritual

What are pueblos?

• Stone/adobe terraced structures

When did buffalo hunting grow in popularity?

• When Europeans introduced horses to North America

• 18th century

Characteristics of Arctic Circle civilizations

• Fishing

• Seal hunting

• Dogsledding to travel across frozen land

Characteristics of Northern Forests civilizations

• Nomadic hunters

• Hunted moose & caribou

Characteristics of Pacific Northwest civilizations

• Salmon fishing

• Permanent coastal settlements

• Violent competition for resources

Characteristics of Far West civilizations

• Arid/dry land

• Wealthy, successful

• Densely populated

• Fishing

• Hunting small game

• Gathering

Characteristics of Southwest civilizations

• Irrigation due to dryness

• Centers of trade, crafts, religious/civic ritual

• Adobe structures

Characteristics of Great Plains civilizations

• Sedentary farming

• Corns, grains

• Small, nomadic buffalo hunters

Characteristics of (East) Woodland Indians civilizations

• Farming

• Abundant food

• Gathering

• Hunting

• Fishing

Characteristics of South civilizations

• Substantial, permanent settlements

• Large trading networks

• Trade based on corn, grains

Characteristics of Northeast civilizations

• Nomadic

• Farming x hunting

• Unsustainable agricultural practices

• Corns, beans, squash, pumpkins

• Move when land is dilapidated

Groups living east of the Mississippi River were loosely connected by common __________ roots

• Linguistic

List the largest language groups in the mobile societies

• Algonquian (Atlantic seaboard)

• Iroquoian (upstate New York)

• Muskogean (southernmost eastern seaboard)

Why were Native American alliances weak?

The Natives did not consider themselves members of a single civilization

North American Indians are economically, socially, and politically _______

• Diverse

Before European arrival, Native Americans were experiencing an ____________ __________

• Agricultural revolution

What are some ways Native Americans displayed their religion?

• Associated gods with elements in life

• Elaborate, brightly colored totems

• Large festivals

Why did it take so long for European exploration in America?

• No reason to

• Limited commerce/traveling merchants

• Not adventurous

• Dispersed power kept single leaders from sending expeditions

Why was commerce reawakened in Europe?

• The recovery from the Black Death increased general prosperity

• Demand for distant goods → more merchants

• Trade increase

List some results of increased trade

• Advances in navigation/shipbuilding

• Interest in new markets/products

• Rapid increase in trade routes

What improved alongside commerce in Europe?

• The government

How did governments improve?

• Centralization, more united

• Stronger, central government

• National tax systems

• Monarch was eager to increase wealth

What did Marco Polo return with from Asia?

• Spices

• Fabrics

• Dyes

• i.e. Exotic goods

What made Asia appealing to Europe?

• Commercial glory

• Improved travel

• Fear of Muslims seizing control of routes to Asia

Why did the monarch fund voyages and expeditions?

• Needed a faster, safer route to Asia

The __________ were the first to voyage for exploration.

• Portuguese

How did the Portuguese grow in power, maratime-wise?

• Prince Henry the Navigator funded expeditions

Why did Prince Henry fund expeditions?

• Wanted to establish a Christian empire to fight against the Moors (northern Africa)

• Gold

Christopher Columbus believed that the world was _______ than it actually is.

• smaller