fallacy

logical fallacy

are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument.

false dilemma

It occurs when the arguer presents his / her arguments as one of the only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities or options. (Narrowing down the options)

appeal to ignorance

It occurs when something is instantly concluded although the argument was not yet proven to be true or false. (Jumping to conclusion)

slippery slope

It occurs when an exaggerated and superficial series of events were drawn out from a simple argument. (Overreacting to an argument)

appeal to force

It occurs when a threat is used instead of reasoning.

appeal to pity

It occurs when the element of pity is used instead of reasoning.

bandwagon

It occurs when the argument was accepted or was considered to be valid since the “majority” agrees and believes in it.

Attacking the person

It occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of the person instead of attacking the argument itself.

appeal to authority

Authority – It occurs when the arguer or the argument quotes an expert who is not qualified in the given subject matter.

anonymous authority

It occurs when the authority in question was not named or mentioned.

hasty generalization

It occurs when a sample is not enough to draw a generalization for a certain population. (Stereotyping)

evaluative statement

offers valid judgment, given on a set of standards. It explains why strength is a strength and a weakness is a weakness.