chem 2

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the substances before and after the reaction stays the same; nothing is created nor destroyed.

Synthesis Reaction

A + B -> AB.

Metal Oxides

metals combined with oxygen, produce basic oxides.

Nonmetal Oxides

nonmetals combined with oxygen, produce acidic oxides.

Decomposition Reaction

AB -> A + B.

Carbonate Decomposition

carbonate produces a metal oxide and carbon dioxide

Carbonate Decomposition Example

CaCO₃ ➔ CaO + CO₂.

Nitrate Decomposition

nitrate produces a nitrite and oxygen gas

Nitrate Decomposition Example

Mg(NO₃)₂ ➔ Mg(NO₂)₂ + O₂ (g).

Hydroxide Decomposition

hydroxide produces a metal oxide and water

Hydroxide Decomposition Example

2 NaOH (aq) ➔ Na₂O (s) + H₂O (g).

Peroxide Decomposition

peroxide produces metal oxides and oxygen gas

Peroxide Decomposition Example

2 N₂O₂ ➔ 2 N₂O + O₂ (g).

Single Displacement Reaction

A + BC -> AC + B.

Double Displacement Reaction

AB + CD -> AD + CB.

Precipitate Reactions

Reactions that produce a solid and an aqueous product, determined using a solubility table.

Neutralization Reaction

acid + base -> water + salt.

Complete Combustion

hydrocarbons + sufficient oxygen produce carbon dioxide, water vapour, and energy with a clean blue flame.

Incomplete Combustion

hydrocarbons * limited oxygen, → soot (C), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapour, and sooty yellow flames.

Environmental Impact of Combustion

Complete combustion produces CO₂, a greenhouse gas, while incomplete combustion produces harmful pollutants like CO and soot.