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Roman name for Zeus
Jupiter
Roman name for Poseidon
Neptune
Roman name for Hades
Pluto
Roman name for Hera
Juno
Roman name for Athena
Minerva
Roman name for Demeter
Ceres
Roman name for Hestia
Vesta
Roman name for Hephaistos
Vulcan
Roman name for Aphrodite
Venus
Artemis
Diana
Roman name for Apollo
Apollo
Roman name for Hermes
Mercury
Roman name for Ares
Mars
Roman name for Dionysus
Bacchus
How is dionysus usually depicted?
with a thyrsus, wines and an animal skin, also with maenads and satyrs
how is ares usually depicted?
depicted wearing his armour
how is hermes usually depicted?
depicted with a travellers cap, caduceus, and winged sandals
how is apollo depicted?
depicted with his bow and arrow, lyre, and in eternal youth
how is artemis depicted?
depicted with a bow and arrow, and with a wild animal
how is aphrodite depicted?
depicted rising from a sea shell, naked, with dolphins
how is hephaistos depicted?
depicted with a hammer or an anvil
how is hestia depicted?
rarely depicted, veiled head
how is demeter depicted?
depicted wearing a diadem, holding a bundle of wheat, grain or flowers, with a cornucopia
how is athena depicted?
depicted with an owl, helmet, spear, aegis (breastplate with gorgon on) and Nike
how is hera depicted?
depicted wearing a diadem
how is hades depicted?
depicted with a cornucopia, with persephone
how is poseidon depicted?
depicted with a trident as a bearded man
how is zeus depicted?
depicted as a bearded man holding a lightning bolt, holding an eagle, on a throne
who were hercules' parents?
Alcmene and Zeus
how did Zeus sleep with Alcmene?
he disguised himself as Amphitryon, Alcmene's husband, whilst he was gone on a campaign with Creon - king of thebes
what was Amphitryon's reaction to Zeus sleeping with Alcmene?
initially fuming - relieved after he found out it was Zeus.
what did Amphitryon do on his return?
slept with alcmene
how did Amphitryon find out about Zeus and Alcmene?
From a seer
What did Hera make zeus promise after he found out that Alcmene was pregnant with his child?
The first born of the house of Perseus would rule.
What did Hera do to try and prevent Hercules from ruling?
She asked her daughter to prolong Alcmene's labour, hoping that it would kill both Hercules and Alcmene. - Eurystheus became king of Mycenae, and Iphicles and Hercules had no official power
What did Alcmene do with Hercules after she suffered Hera's wrath?
she abandoned hercules in the woods
what did athena do when she found hercules, and where did she find him?
She found him in the woods, and she took him to Mount Olympus in hope that he would be accepted there, but Hera ordered that he be returned to Alcmene to raise him
Why did hercules have to do the 12 labours?
He was married to Creon's daughter - Megara, but then he was infected by Madness, and killed his wife and children in insanity. - he then visited the Oracle at Delphi - who advised him that he should serve King Eurystheus for 12 years
who controlled the Oracle at Delphi when Hercules went to him for advice?
Hera
Which metope is this?
the apples of hesperides
Which metope is this?
augean stables
what were Hercules' 12 labours ?
Nemean Lion, Learnean Hydra, Golden Hind, Erymanthian Boar, Augean Stables, Stymphalian Birds, Cretan Bull, Mares of Diomedes, Belt of Hippolyte, Cattle of Geryon, Apples of Hesperides, Cerberus
What did an oracle tell Oinomaos?
That he would die once his daughter was married
What did he do to try and prevent his death?
set up a chariot competition - he was a very skilled rider - challenged his daughter's suitors to a race. If they won, they would marry her, if they lost, they would be killed.
what did pelops do in order to marry hippodamia?
he challenged Oinomaos to a race, and bribed his charioteer to replace his bronze linchpins with wax so that they would melt in the race. Oinomaos died - got thrown from the chariot, due to the wax melting
What did Pelops do after he won the race?
he married hippodamia, and founded the olympic games in honour of Oinomaos ( as funerary games)
Where is Pelops and Hippodamia shown?
on the east pediment of Zeus' temple at Olympia
Where is Hercules' founding the Olympic games shown?
On the West Pediment of the Temple of Zeus
Where are the 12 labours of Hercules shown?
On the 12 metopes on the Temple of Zeus. - 6 over the front entrance, and 6 over the back.
What 3 things do you need for a successful metope?
Create a scene that could be easily recognised, Create realism, Fill the space so as to not leave big blank spaces.
Where did the Cult of Hercules in Rome stem from?
the story of Hercules and Cacus - took place by the Aventine hill, next to the tiber. Cacus terrorised the city of Pallentium, but then Hercules arrived.
During which labour did Hercules and Cacus take place?
The Cattle of Geryon
What did Cacus do to anger Hercules?
stole 8 of his cattle and took them back to his cave - backwards - hoof marks lead away from the entrance of the cave
What was Cacus' plan ruined by?
One of the trapped cattle mooing - heard by Hercules
What did Cacus do after Hercules heard the cow?
He fled to his cave, and blocked the entrance with a boulder - hercules couldn't move it
What did Hercules do after he couldn't move Cacus' boulder?
he lifted the flint peak off the top of the mountain, exposing Cacus and his lair
What did Hercules do after he exposed Cacus' lair?
He bombarded Cacus with trees, stones, and boulders
What did Cacus do in defence of Hercules' bombardment?
He breathed plumes of black smoke, to conceal his whereabouts
How did Hercules kill Cacus?
He threw himself into the densest part of the smoke, and strangled Cacus to death
What did Hercules do after he killed Cacus?
He brought the body out to show Evander and his people
What tradition did the Cult of Hercules follow and why?
The Greek tradition, as Evander was originally Greek.
What rituals did the Cult of Hercules follow?
the burning of incense, and the sacrificing of an animal (only men allowed)
Where did the Sacrifice for the cult of hercules take place?
At the Great Altar of Hercules - between the river Tiber and the Palatine Hill - Forum Boarium
Who was Hercules popular with?
The masses - cult responsibility was transferred to the slaves, which made up large parts of the population
Also popular with gladiators
When a gladiator was freed, what was he presented with?
a wooden sword, which was hung in the Temple of Hercules the Victor
Where was the Temple of Hercules the Victor constructed?
In the Forum Boarium
Which families were originally responsible for the worship in the cult of Hercules?
The Pinarii and the Potiti Families
Who was told the story of Hercules and Achelous? By who?
Theseus, by Achelous himself
Why were Hercules and Achelous fighting?
As they both wanted the hand of Deianira, the princes of Aitolia
What was Hercules' argument for marrying Deianira?
He had divine parentage, and he had completed the 12 labours
What was Achelous' response to Hercules' argument?
Achelous claimed that his status as a god was superior to Hercules' status as a man. He also said that the labours were his own fault and the story of his birth were either a lie or scandal
What did Hercules do in response to Achelous' counter argument?
He reverted to his fighting skill rather than his words
Who was victorious in the first battle between Hercules and Achelous?
Hercules
What did Achelous do to try and defeat Hercules?
He changed his form into a snake
How did Hercules respond to Achelous' new form?
He made fun of him, and reminded him that he had defeated the Hydra
Who won the second battle between Hercules and Achelous?
Hercules easily - Achelous was a snake
What form did Achelous take the second time he changed form?
He turned into a single horned bull
Who won the final battle between Hercules and Achelous?
Hercules - he broke Achelous' horn
What did Hercules do with Achelous' horn?
He turned it into a Cornucopia and filled it with fruit
What was Nessus?
a centaur
What did Nessus do?
He tried to run off with Deianira, whilst assisting her to cross the river
What did Hercules do in response to Nessus?
He shot him with a bow and arrow which had the poison of the Hydra on it
What was Nessus' final act?
He gave the tunic soaked in warm blood to Deianira as a gift
How did Hera make Deianira paranoid?
She enlisted the goddess Rumour to help her spread lies to Deianira about her husband. - made her think that Hercules was in love with Iole
What did Deianira do to try and make Hercules fall in love with her again?
She gave Hercules Nessus' cloak, to try and make him fall in love with her again.
Why did Hercules wear the cloak?
ignorant of what the cloak would do, a slave gave the cloak to Hercules to wear
What happened to Hercules whilst he was wearing the cloak?
Whilst giving sacrifice to the Gods, the heat from the altar caused the cloak to catch alight and stick to his skin
What did Hercules do whilst dying?
He built himself a funeral pyre, laid on it and died.
What caused Hercules to be allowed into Mount Olympus?
Zeus gave a speech asking the gods that Hercules should be allowed onto Olympus because of his heroic deeds. The Gods agreed (even hera)
what is the sanctuary?
an area of holy land dedicated to a god or gods that contained the temple and the altar
What would be inside the sanctuary?
the temples and altars of many gods, and a fresh water source at the entrance to allow people to wash themselves - to not pollute the holy site.
How did people become religiously polluted?
If they came into contact with a dead person, a new born or someone that had committed homicide
How did you get rid of religious pollution?
By washing yourself, or after a certain number of days it would go away
Who was allowed into the temple itself?
only the priests
What would be inside the temple?
the cult statue of the specific god, and outside there would be an altar
How would the temple and altar be oriented?
most common was east to west
What was the cella or naos?
The room which housed the cult statue
What is a colonnade?
an open air covered walkway supported by columns
what is a opisthodomos?
the rear room in the temple that contained the city or town's treasures (treasury)
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Flashcard (93)