phonetics

Vowels: lower F1=

higher articulation

Vowels: higher F2=

more frontal articulation

F1 on baseline + low F2 + F3 on top of F2=

[ɹ]

F1 on baseline + low F2 + F3 far from F2 =

[l]

F1 on baseline + low F2 + gradual transition

[w]

F1 on baseline + high F2 + gradual transition =

[j]

noise extending downwards =

sibilant fricative [ʃ, ʒ, s, z]

Bilabial stop F2 transition

F2 and F3 point to a low freq locus

Alveolar stop F2 transition

F2 points to midrange, doesn’t meet F3

Velar stop F2 transition

F2 points up and meets F3 (Velar pinch)

an interval of noise with peak energy at the formants of the following vowel

[h]

clearly defined formants=

sonorant

interval of noise, no clear formants =

obstruent

long and intense formants =

vowel

fault transition, F1 on the baseline, weak F2, and F3 and F4 together =

nasal

gradual formant transitions =

approximant

short closure interval =

tap

interval of noise but no closure period and a gradual onset=

fricative

closure period with little or no energy, followed by a sudden onset of noise with peaks where the following sound has formants =

plosive

closure period with little or no energy, followed by a sudden onset of noise extending from the highest frequencies=

affricate

a sound has regularly spaced vertical striations (voicing pulses) throughout most of its duration

voiced

vowel with a high F1

low vowel

vowel with a high F2

front vowel

sound extends from the top, but only into the F3 region

alveolar

sound extends from the top, past the F3 region

alveopalatal