Summative Assessment 1 (unfinished)

ANSC 101 exam 1

3 Rs

Replacement (substitute something else for higher animals), reduction (reduce the number of animals needed), and refinement (decrease in inhumane procedures).

Downer cow

A nonambulatory cow

Speciesism

Placing the interests of one species above that of another species.

Abolitionists

Animal rights proponents who advocate the total abandonment of any animal use.

Reformists

Animal rights proponents who focus on changing methods of animal use.

Vegan

Someone who eschews the use of any animal product, including the nonfood products.

Animal rights

Philosophy, sociology, and public policy as they deal with the standing of animals in relation to human society.

Animal welfare

The treatment and well-being of animals while they provide for human needs; humane use.

Anthropomorphism

Attributing human thoughts, emotions, and characteristics to animals, gods, objects, and so on.

Sentient

Creatures that experience pain and pleasure.

Animal science

The combination of disciplines that together comprise the study of domestic animals.

Agriculture

The combination of science and art used to cultivate and grow crops and livestock and process the products.

Domestic

Those species that have been brought under human control and that have adapted to life with humans.

Culture

In this context, culture refers to the set of occupational activities, economic structures, beliefs/values, social forms, and material traits that define our actions and activities.

Hunter-gatherer

Hunter-gatherer people support their needs by hunting game, fishing, and gathering edible and medicinal plants

Farmer

Anyone who practices agriculture by managing and cultivating livestock and/or crops.

Civilization

In modern context, this refers to what we consider a fairly high level of cultural and technological development.

Genetics

The science of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

Heredity

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring.

Animal breeding

The use of biometry and genetics to improve farm animal production.

Genetic code

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells.

Nutrition

The study of nutrients and how the body uses them.

Physiology

The study of the physical and chemical processes of an animal or any of the body systems or cells of the animal.

Animal health

The study and practice of maintaining animals as near to a constant state of health as is possible and feasible.

Animal behavior

The study of animal welfare assessment, optimizing production, behavioral control, behavioral disorders, and behavioral genetics.

Meat science

The science of handling, distributing, and marketing meat and meat products.

Meat

The flesh of animals used for food.

Dairy product science

The science of providing milk and milk products as food.

Biotechnology

A collective set of tools and applications of living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses.

Renewable resources

Those resources that can be replaced or produced by natural ecological cycles or management systems.

Omnivore

An animal that eats both animal- and plant-based feeds

Nutrient density

A measurement of the nutrients provided in a food compared to the calories it contains.

Diet

The total of the foods and water being consumed by an individual or group.

Essential amino acids

Those amino acids required by the body that must be consumed in the diet.

Undernourished

Receiving inadequate nourishment for proper health and growth.

Draft animal

An animal whose major purpose is to perform work that involves hauling or pulling. An ox or a horse pulling a plow or wagon is a draft animal.

Livestock revolution

Large increases in supply and demand of livestock and animal products worldwide at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century.

Green revolution

Dramatic improvements in grain production in developing countries during the 1960s to the 1980s because of technological innovation and application.

Per capita

Per unit of population: by or for each person.

Biofuel

Gas or liquid fuel made from biological materials such as crops and animal waste.

Nutrients

Chemical substances that provide nourishment to the body. Essential nutrients are those necessary for normal maintenance, growth, and functioning.

Metric ton (MT)

Approximately 1.1 U.S. tons. Equal to 1 million grams, or 1,000 kilograms.

Ghee

Clarified liquid butter.

Essential fatty acids

Fatty acids required in the diet.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

The largest autonomous agency within the United Nations system. FAO works to alleviate poverty and hunger by promoting agricultural development.

Nutrient density

A measurement of the nutrients found in a food compared to the caloric content.

Draft

To move loads by drawing or pulling. A draft animal is one that is used to draw or pull loads.

Compost

Decayed organic matter used for fertilizing and conditioning land.

Poultice

A soft moist mass held between layers of cloth, usually warm, and applied to some area of the body.

Pesticides

Any agent or poison used to destroy pests including fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and rodenticides.

Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that have had new genetic material inserted into them. A product and tool of genetic engineering.

Xenotransplantation

The transplanting of animal organs into humans.

Sheep

An animal of the genus Ovis that is over 1 year of age.

Lamb

A sheep under 1 year of age. Also, the meat from a sheep under 1 year of age.

Wool

The fiber that grows instead of hair on the bodies of sheep.

Angora

A specialized fiber-producing breed of goat.

Mohair

The fiber produced by the Angora goat.

Forage

Fiber-containing feeds like grass or hay. Can be grazed or harvested for feeding. Contain at least 18% fiber but have high digestible energy (770%).

Roughage

A bulky feedstuff with low weight per unit volume. Contains at least 18% fiber but can range up to 50%. Less digestible than forages.

Flock

A group or band of sheep.

Browse

The tender twigs and leaves from brush and trees

Ewe

A female sheep.

Doe

A female goat.

Mob

A group or herd of goats.

Specialty market

A term that suggests a product generally aimed at a specific segment of the overall market.

Survival of the fittest

Natural selection. A process whereby those best equipped for the conditions in which they are found survive and pass their genetic material on to the next generation.

Heterosis

Hybrid vigor. The performance improvement of a crossbred animal above the average of the parents’ breeds.

Breed complementarity

When the characteristics of different breeds complement each other in crossbreeding systems.

Lambing

Parturition in sheep.

Buck

An intact male goat.

Withers

The ridge between the shoulder bones of an animal. Generally the highest part of the back.

Palpation

Physically touching and examining with one’s hand

Conception

When the sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Anestrus

Any period of time when a nonpregnant adult female is not having regular heat cycles. In sheep, it is most frequently caused by sensitivity to the length of the photoperiod.

Estrous cycle

The time from one estrus to the next. Occurs at a regular, periodic rate.

Estrus

Heat. The period when the female is receptive to mating.

Seasonal market

A time of the year when there is increased demand for a product.

Flushing

The practice of increasing feed to a female just before and during the breeding season.

Trimester

A third of a pregnancy. The last trimester in a ewe is approximately the last 50 days.

Singleton

An offspring born singly.

Nematode parasites

Roundworms that are categorized in the phylum Nematoda.

Anemia

Disease state in which the number of red blood cells in an animal’s blood is abnormally decreased.

Bottle jaw

Condition in which fluid accumulates and causes a swelling under the jaw, especially in cattle, sheep, or goats. It is often due to protein loss caused by severe parasitism.

Abscess

Collection of pus in a cavity as the result of infection with microorganisms or as a response to embedded foreign material, such as a splinter.

Metabolic

Relating to the biochemical processes that occur within a living organism, especially involving the breakdown of food and its transformation into energy.

Prion

An infectious agent composed entirely of protein material that is abnormally folded. Prions typically cause neurodegenerative disease.

Placenta

Membranes that join a fetus to the uterus of the mother for the transfer of oxygen and nutrients. Also referred to as the afterbirth.

Kidding

Parturition in goats.

Hunter under saddle

An English division class in which movement and mannerisms are judged with the intent of a pleasurable ride, which is to depict a horse on the hunt chasing the hounds.

Saddle seat pleasure

An English event in which the horse's movement and mannerisms are judged.

Dressage

A competition in which horses are required to perform highly advanced maneuvers in a specified pattern. This competition may be held alone or may be part of a three-day event.

Stadium jumping

A competition in which horses jump a course of fences (jumps) in a specified order.

Three-day eventing

An event of the Olympic Games since 1912. It is comprised of three parts—stadium jumping, dressage, and cross-country.

Reining

A competition in which a horse and rider perform a specified pattern of advanced maneuvers. These include long sliding stops; spins (up to four 360° turn-arounds at high speeds); rollbacks (180° turns after a sliding stop); and circles of different sizes.